Nausea and Vomitting

Severe constipation affects 10% of children, often leading to significant physical and emotional distress. While constipation is commonly associated with impaired bowel movements, it is fundamentally linked to abnormalities in colonic motility - the coordinated contractions that facilitate passage of stool through the colon and out of the body. Diagnosis of constipation is based upon the Rome IV criteria, which assess symptoms as reported or remembered over the previous 3 months. However, reporting symptoms experienced can be challenging for children and young people for many reasons, such as the overlap of sensations, including fullness, bloating, and discomfort, and an inability to recall or precisely distinguish and describe what they are feeling. This study intends to design, develop, and validate symptom pictograms for children aged 8-17 with colonic or lower gut symptoms.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of neuraxial analgesia initiation on the incidence of pruritus in laboring women. Specifically, this study aim to compare intrathecal fentanyl with epidural fentanyl in order to determine whether the epidural route is associated with a lower occurrence and severity of pruritus. By clarifying these differences, the research seek to optimize analgesic strategies during labor while minimizing opioid-related side effects