Neonatal Pain

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether intranasal fentanyl (a pain medicine given as a nasal spray) can reduce pain and is safe to use during routine eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. ROP is an eye condition that can affect babies born too early and requires regular eye examinations. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Does intranasal fentanyl lower pain during ROP screening? Is intranasal fentanyl safe for preterm infants? Researchers will compare intranasal fentanyl with a placebo (a saltwater spray that contains no medicine) to determine whether the medicine lowers pain during ROP screening. Participants will receive either intranasal fentanyl or placebo before their routine ROP eye examination, in addition to the standard comfort measures normally used during the procedure. Researchers will measure participants' pain and monitor their heart rate, oxygen levels, and any side effects during and after the examination.

This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of maternal voice, touch, and scent on pain and stress levels in newborns during a routine heel lance procedure. Newborns will be randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups or a control group. Pain and stress responses will be assessed using validated neonatal pain and physiological measures. The findings of this study may help identify effective, low-cost, and non-pharmacological interventions that can be used to reduce pain and stress in newborns during routine clinical procedures.

The objective of this trial is to evaluate the effect of Bionix ShotBlocker on pain of injection of the first Hepatitis B vaccine in healthy newborns. ShotBlocker is a pain reducing tool used in babies, children, and adults for injections. Swaddling during the injection and administration of oral sucrose prior to the injection are established standards of care for painful procedures in neonates. The investigators hypothesize that the use of ShotBlocker in addition to swaddling and oral sucrose administration will lessen the pain response.