Nipple Discharge

This prospective, multicenter cohort study investigates the differences in the reliability of rapid pathology compared to postoperative pathology when utilizing a novel fluorescent localization needle equipped with a controllable shedding quantum dot chiral nanofluorescent coating, in contrast to traditional localization techniques for breast duct lesions. The principal objective is to assess the clinical efficacy of this innovative fluorescent localization needle in enabling precise pathological diagnosis of micro lesions in breast ducts.

This retrospective cohort study investigates the differences in the reliability of rapid pathology compared to postoperative pathology when utilizing a novel fluorescent localization needle equipped with a controllable shedding quantum dot chiral nanofluorescent coating, in contrast to traditional localization techniques for breast duct lesions. The primary goal is to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of this innovative fluorescent localization needle in facilitating accurate pathological diagnoses of micro lesions situated within breast ducts.

Several studies show that breastfeeding problems in the first days of birth pose a significant obstacle to successful breastfeeding. Among the most common breast problems experienced by mothers are breast abscesses, mastitis, nipple pain and sore nipples, engorgement, and flat or inverted nipples. Treatment for sore nipples and breast engorgement is mostly focused on medication. There is very little research that focuses on the impact of interventions regarding breastfeeding techniques carried out during the antenatal period to prevent sore nipples. Knowing the effect of breastfeeding position and attachment education through clinical demonstration in third-trimester primigravida pregnant women to prevent sore nipples and engorgement. This research uses quasi-experiments. The population in this research is a third-trimester pregnant woman in the Kasihan, Pajangan, Sewon, Banguntapan, Pleret, and Jetis Community Health Centers. The number of samples in this study was 100 divided into 2, namely 50 intervention groups and 50 control groups. breastfeeding education will be provided to pregnant women at 34-35 weeks of gestation, as led by a lactation counselor. The first session will take place at a puskesmas (public health center), where mothers will receive an e-booklet, followed by 40 minutes of hands-on clinical skills training for those in the intervention group. A second session will take place two weeks after the first session in the form of a home visit only for those in the intervention group. The outcome of this research is position, attachment, effective sucking, nipple pain, sore nipples, and engorgement. T-test and chi-square will be used to test differences and similarities between study groups.

This is a prospective, single-center diagnostic study testing whether a new, minimally invasive analysis of nipple fluid can distinguish benign from malignant causes of pathologic nipple discharge. Many patients with bloody or blood-tinged nipple discharge undergo surgery to make a diagnosis, yet most are ultimately found to have benign disease. The investigators aim to develop a laboratory test that analyzes DNA in nipple fluid to help avoid unnecessary operations while still identifying cancers. Approximately 30 adults with spontaneous, single-duct, unilateral bloody or serosanguinous nipple discharge who are already scheduled for standard diagnostic surgery will be enrolled at Hubei Cancer Hospital. Before surgery, the investigators will collect a small sample of nipple fluid (or gently obtain nipple aspirate fluid using a soft suction cup if needed) and one tube of blood. The investigators will analyze the fluid's DNA using two approaches: low-pass whole-genome analysis to look for copy number changes and fragmentation patterns, and genome-wide DNA methylation profiling. Surgical pathology will serve as the reference standard. Using these data, the investigators will build and validate a model to classify lesions as benign or malignant. The primary outcome is diagnostic accuracy (area under the ROC curve, sensitivity, and specificity). Secondary outcomes include positive and negative predictive values, model calibration, subgroup performance (e.g., ductal carcinoma in situ vs invasive cancer), and an estimate of potential clinical impact (for example, how many benign cases might safely avoid surgery at a high-sensitivity threshold). Study test results will not affect current clinical care; all participants will receive usual evaluation and surgery. Risks are minimal and may include brief nipple discomfort or skin irritation from gentle suction and routine blood-draw risks (bruising, lightheadedness). There is no direct benefit to participants, but the findings may support a future noninvasive test to guide care and reduce unnecessary surgery. Data will be de-identified and stored securely. Expected enrollment is from September 2025 to May 2026.