Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

The purpose of this trial is to study the safety and effectiveness of OTX-TKI (axitinib intravitreal hydrogel) for the treatment of Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. OTX-TKI is an intravitreal hydrogel embedded with axitinib. When the OTX-TKI hydrogel is administered into the vitreous cavity of the eye, the hydrogel begins to slowly break down, which allows the axitinib to be slowly released over time. This clinical trial is comparing OTX-TKI to a "sham" injection procedure. The sham injection is a mock injection procedure, but nothing will actually be inserted in the eye as there is no needle on the sham injector. Only one eye ("study eye") will be treated with study treatment.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn about the safety of the investigational medicinal product ANXV. It will also learn about how ANXV works to treat non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion in adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is ANXV safe to use? * Does ANXV improve vision or findings related to vision decrease caused by non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusion? * Does ANXV lower the number of times participants need to use a rescue medication? Researchers will compare different dose levels of ANXV to see what dose would be be appropriate to test in larger studies. Participants will: Take ANXV as a 30 minutes infusion (slow injection) for 5 days. Visit the clinic for checkups and tests at 11 visits during 4 months.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if drug TNTL works to treat non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy in adults. It will also learn about the safety of drug TNTL. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does drug TNTL can improve visual acuity and reduce the degree of retinopathy? 2. What medical problems do participants have when taking drug TNTL? Researchers will compare drug TNTL to a placebo (a look-alike substance that contains no drug) to see if drug TNTL works to treat non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Participants will: 1. Take drug TNTL or a placebo every day for 6 months 2. Visit the clinic once every 4 weeks for checkups and tests 3. Keep a diary of their symptoms and Change from baseline

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) is a safe and effective treatment for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) in adults aged 40-80 years with type 2 diabetes. The study aims to address the limitations of current treatments for NPDR by using RIC, a technique involving repeated cycles of ischemia and hypoxia stimulation to activate protective mechanisms against retinal damage. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does RIC improve the Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Score (DRSS) after one year of treatment? Does RIC reduce the incidence of vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)? What are the changes in retinal neurovascular unit parameters, visual acuity, and retinal oxygen saturation after RIC treatment? Participants will: Undergo RIC therapy using a specialized device on both upper limbs (or a placebo intervention for the control group) for 1 year. Complete 5 cycles of RIC or placebo treatment twice daily, 5 days per week. Receive routine care for diabetic retinopathy as per clinical guidelines. Key outcome measures: Primary outcome: Change in DRSS from baseline after one year. Secondary outcomes: Incidence of PDR, changes in visual acuity, retinal neurovascular unit measures, retinal oxygen saturation, and serum biomarkers (e.g., VEGF, CRP, IL-6). This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial aims to recruit 68 participants to ensure 60 complete the study, accounting for a 13% dropout rate. The findings are expected to provide insights into RIC as a novel intervention for NPDR, reducing blindness risk and supporting future large-scale trials.