Pneumonitis, Interstitial

Study Objectives The primary objective of Phase II is to evaluate the percentage of lesion resolution on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) as assessed by independent blinded reviewers. Secondary objectives include evaluating effects on pulmonary function, exercise capacity, dyspnea, quality of life, and oxygenation, as well as comprehensively assessing safety and tolerability. Phase I focuses on determining safety, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and recommended Phase II dose. Study Population The target population is patients with non-acute CIP aged 18-75 years with histologically confirmed malignancy. Key inclusion criteria include: At least one cycle of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and development of Grade 3-4 CIP per NCCN Guidelines V1.2025 Standard glucocorticoid treatment for ≥4 weeks, with current dose \<20 mg/day prednisone equivalent or discontinued Persistent residual CIP lesions on HRCT without significant improvement in the past 4 weeks ECOG PS 0-1 and stable primary tumor for ≥6 months Effective contraception during the study and for 360 days after last dosing Key exclusion criteria include: Concomitant use of pirfenidone, nintedanib, or other antifibrotic agents Inability to perform pulmonary function tests or tolerate nebulization Unresolved interstitial lung disease from radiotherapy or targeted therapy Severe cardiac, hepatic, renal, or hematological dysfunction Organ transplantation, severe immunodeficiency, active epilepsy, or severe allergic status Other investigational drug use within 28 days Study Design and Sample Size Phase I: 9-18 subjects, open-label, dose-escalation design to evaluate DLT and safety Phase II: 40 subjects, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design Study Endpoints Phase I Primary Endpoints Incidence of DLT Incidence of adverse events (AE) and serious adverse events (SAE) Phase II Primary Endpoint Percentage of HRCT lesion resolution at Weeks 4, 12, and 24, assessed by independent blinded reviewers Secondary Endpoints Pulmonary function: FVC%, TLC, RV, FRC, DLCO Functional and symptomatic measures: 6MWD, mMRC dyspnea score, SGRQ, LCQ Oxygenation: PaO₂, A-aDO₂, oxygenation index Exploratory Endpoints Dynamic changes in serum biomarkers: KL-6, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10), immune cell subsets (Tregs, Th1/Th17) Safety Assessments Monitoring of AEs/SAEs graded by CTCAE v5.0 and causality assessment Physical examination, vital signs, SpO₂, 12-lead ECG Laboratory tests: CBC, biochemistry, coagulation, urinalysis, CRP, ESR Study Termination Rules Overall Study Termination Successful completion after all 40 subjects finish 24-week follow-up and database lock Occurrence of unexpected serious or unacceptable safety risks Demonstration of overwhelming efficacy or futility Sponsor termination due to slow enrollment, funding, or major protocol deviations Regulatory or ethics committee requirements Individual Subject Discontinuation Development of DLT or severe hypersensitivity Rapid CIP progression (e.g., \>50% radiological worsening) Tumor progression or clinical deterioration Withdrawal of informed consent Poor compliance unresponsive to intervention Loss to follow-up or death Investigator judgment of inappropriateness for continued participation Study Timeline Preparation and initiation: January 2026 - May 2026 Phase I/II enrollment: June 2026 - May 2027 Treatment and follow-up (overlapping with enrollment): through June 2028 Database lock and statistical analysis: July 2028 - August 2028 Study closeout: August 2028 - December 2028

The main goal of this prospective non-interventional exploratory monocentric study is to characterize the immune cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from cancer patients experiencing cancer therapy-induced pneumonitis on a single-cell scale. These mechanistic insights can directly lead to putative diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. A second highly clinically relevant hypothesis is that single-cell profiling of blood samples will reveal circulating biomarkers of ICB toxicity, making non-invasive diagnosis feasible.