Post-Stroke Hemiparesis

Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability, frequently resulting in impaired upper limb motor function and spasticity. Although Botulinum Toxin Type A (BoNT-A) is effective in reducing focal spasticity, functional recovery of the upper limb often remains limited without intensive, task-specific rehabilitation. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES), when synchronized with voluntary movement during Task-Oriented Training, may enhance motor recovery by facilitating muscle activation and neuroplasticity. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether FES combined with Task-Oriented Training is superior to conventional Task-Oriented Training alone in improving upper limb function in post-stroke patients treated with BoNT-A.

This study will compare the performance of a novel data-driven model-predictive controller (MPC) based functional electrical stimulation (FES) system versus a conventional FES system for footdrop correction during treadmill and overground walking tasks in people post-stroke.

The objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with constraint-induced therapy (CIT) on upper limb motor recovery in individuals after stroke. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does the combination of tDCS and CIT improve upper limb motor function compared to CIT alone? Does the combined intervention promote changes in muscle morphology and electromyographic activity? Researchers will compare the group receiving tDCS combined with constraint-induced therapy to the group receiving constraint-induced therapy alone to determine whether the addition of cortical neuromodulation enhances motor recovery outcomes. This is a randomized, controlled, and blinded clinical trial in which participants will be divided into two groups: one group will receive tDCS combined with CIMT, and the other will undergo only CIMT. The protocol will include 18 sessions over six weeks, three times a week. Clinical and instrumental assessments will be performed before, during, and after the intervention, including the Fugl-Meyer scale for the upper limb, musculoskeletal ultrasound for morphological analysis, and surface electromyography for muscle activity assessment.

The overall goal of this study is to attain the highest possible health-related quality of life for individuals with lower-limb impairment through a clinical trial examining three different modern carbon fiber ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) treatment options targeting the rehabilitation of individuals post-stroke. To achieve this goal, the investigators will: 1. Identify the factors that significantly contribute to an individual's highest potential quality of life when considering each of the three available AFO design options, and 2. Develop prediction models of clinical performance using biomechanical function linked to the three AFO designs. Participants will be asked to: * Wear each of the three modern AFO designs for one month, after receiving therapy training and * Complete questionnaires and performance tests with each AFO. In addition, the subset of individuals participating in goal 2) will also be asked to: * Perform biomechanical analyses using high-speed cameras and force plates during different walking and balance tests with each AFO design.