Primiparity

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of perineal mirror use during the second stage of labor on the duration of the second stage, postpartum recovery, and perceived pain, support, and control levels during delivery. Method: The study was designed as a randomized controlled experimental study to examine the effect of perineal mirror use on delivery outcomes in primiparous women. The study population consisted of primiparous pregnant women admitted to the maternity clinic between June 29, 2026, and October 30, 2026. The sample size was calculated using the G\*Power 3.1.9.2 program with an effect size of 0.50, 5% Type I error, and 95% power level; a total of 72 participants were selected, 36 in the intervention group and 36 in the control group. Considering potential losses, the sample size was increased by 10%, and a total of 80 pregnant women were planned to be included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention group using a perineal mirror and the control group receiving routine care. The following instruments will be used as data collection tools: Pregnancy Demographic Information Form, REEDA Scale, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Perceived Support and Control in Childbirth Scale. Expected Outcome: It is predicted that the perineal mirror may increase the woman's active participation, motivation, and perceived control by allowing her to see the fetal descent and the progress of labor; consequently, it may reduce the duration of active pushing and the duration of the second stage. It is also thought that it may have positive effects on the birth experience, postpartum recovery, and perceived level of support and control. The research results are expected to provide evidence for non-invasive and low-cost applications that can be used in childbirth care.

This randomized controlled study aims to examine the effect of individualized hybrid breastfeeding education provided during late pregnancy on antenatal attachment and breastfeeding behaviors among first-time mothers. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. Women in the intervention group will receive individualized hybrid breastfeeding education beginning at the 36th week of pregnancy. The program includes a face-to-face individual breastfeeding education session at 36 weeks of pregnancy and a reinforcement and practice session at 38 weeks. Participants will also have access to personalized digital educational materials, short educational videos, and online consultation support. In the postpartum period, participants will receive an online support session during the first week after birth and a follow-up session through online communication or telephone at the sixth postpartum week. The control group will receive routine hospital education during pregnancy. After completion of the study, the same educational materials will be provided to the control group in accordance with ethical principles. Data will be collected using the Demographic Information Form, Breastfeeding Behavior Evaluation Form, Antenatal Attachment Inventory, and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

This study aims to determine the effects of breastfeeding education using the card game method on breastfeeding success and breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous breastfeeding mothers.