Swimming

Objective To evaluate the acute effect of four inspiratory warm-up intensities (15%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of maximal inspiratory pressure \[MIP\]) on 100 m freestyle performance, and to analyze their impact on heart rate, blood lactate concentration, perceived exertion, and dyspnea in trained swimmers. Methods A randomized, crossover, double-blind experimental study was conducted. Participants were swimmers aged ≥18 years, with no respiratory or musculoskeletal pathology. Each participant completed, in sessions separated by at least three days, an inspiratory muscle warm-up consisting of 30 breaths against resistive loads set at 15%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of their MIP, previously determined using standardized procedures. Following each intervention, participants performed a maximal 100 m freestyle test. The following variables were recorded: Swimming time Heart rate (during and post-exercise) Post-exercise capillary blood lactate concentration Rating of perceived exertion (Borg scale) Dyspnea (Dyspnea-12) Conclusions This study will help identify the optimal inspiratory warm-up intensity to enhance swimming performance.

This cross-sectional observational study aims to establish reference values for joint mobility and isometric muscle strength in elite artistic swimmers across different competitive categories. The study will analyze inter-limb asymmetries and agonist-antagonist strength ratios in upper and lower limbs. Additionally, relationships between isometric strength, countermovement jump performance, and handgrip strength will be explored to assess their utility as functional performance indicators. Participants will be assessed during national team training camps using standardized, validated measurement protocols. The findings are expected to contribute to the identification of sport-specific functional profiles and potential injury risk factors in artistic swimming.