Tuberculosis (TB)

The goal of this observational study is to establish and validate a comprehensive AI-driven clinical decision support system (AI-CDSS) in whole-chain management for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. The main question it aims to answer is: How is the predictive performance of this system in terms of multiple key links during TB diagnosis and treatment? Can real-world benefits be derived from this system? This AI framework supports clinicians in making smarter decisions, ultimately improving cure rates and ensuring that every patient receives the most effective, personalized care possible.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a large public health threat in Tanzania with an estimated incidence of 195 per 100,000 people in 2022 and 36% of cases going undiagnosed. Nutritional and financial barriers combine to compound the burden of TB in Tanzania and many other high burden countries. Objectives: In this study, we aim to evaluate the effect and cost-effectiveness of conditional cash transfer added to the current facility-based approach to improve TB screening among household contacts (HHCs) of index people diagnosed with TB disease (PWTB) in rural Tanzania; and characterize the prevalence of undernutrition among HHCs of index PWTB and quantify the effect of undernutrition severity on the progression to active TB disease. Methods: In this prospective, interventional cohort study we plan to enroll 360 PWTB and their households within 2 months of TB treatment initiation. The duration of the study is 3 years in total: 2-year enrollment period, divided equally between the current standard of care phase and the added conditional cash transfer phase. All participating households will be visited 2 months after enrollment to complete TB screening for all HHCs and perform anthropometric measurements, and then followed a 2-year period to evaluate for incident TB disease among HHCs. Data analysis: The proportion of households completing TB screening procedures for all HHCs during phase 1 will be compared to that during phase 2 using a chi-square test to evaluate the effect of conditional cash transfer on completion of HHC TB screening. A similar approach will be used to compare proportions of HHCs diagnosed with active TB disease based on nutritional status. We will use regression and Bayesian modeling to quantify the effect of demographic, nutritional and socioeconomic predictors on completion of HHC TB screening and the incidence of TB disease among HHCs to prioritize higher risk subgroup for TB prevention effort. Impact: Successful completion of this proposal will informTB programs in many high burden countries with implementable interventions that can be scaled in rural communities to prioritize TB prevention efforts to the HHCs at the highest risk of developing TB disease

This household randomized implementation study assesses the implementation and effectiveness of home-based HIV self- testing and PrEP initiation versus standard clinic referral for PrEP initiation during modified standard-of-care (modified SOC) household TB contact investigation in Uganda. It uses qualitative methods to evaluate the process of implementing the intervention and a health economic evaluation to assess the financial sustainability of this strategy.

The goal of this interventional study is to evaluate three tuberculosis (TB) screening and prevention strategies in prisons in Paraguay. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Which strategy is more effective for reducing the incidence rate of active TB? * Which strategy is more effective for reducing the TB infection rate? * Are these strategies safe, feasible, and cost-effective in prison settings? Researchers will compare three cluster-based, non-randomized programmatic strategies implemented in three prisons. These strategies differ in the frequency of screening, the diagnostic methods used, and the approach to tuberculosis preventive therapy (TPT). Participants will: * undergo informed consent and clinical evaluation * receive TB screening through symptom assessment, chest digital X-ray with CAD, and rapid molecular testing, depending on site strategy * undergo IGRA testing and preventive therapy assessment, depending on the assigned strategy * be followed for 18 months, with screening rounds every 6 months or annually depending on the prison

A Phase 2b, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, MTBVAC, against TB disease in adolescents and adults aged 14-45 years, living in a TB endemic region.

This study aims to address critical diagnostic and data gaps in tuberculosis (TB) care among pregnant and postpartum women in Guinea-Bissau, a high-burden, resource-limited setting. Recognising that current TB screening during antenatal care (ANC) relies largely on unstructured symptom questions, the study will integrate more systematic and innovative approaches into routine maternal health services. The project will implement the Bandim TBscore II as a structured triage tool to classify symptom severity and guide referrals. To strengthen diagnostic capacity, two novel tools will be evaluated: stool-based GeneXpert testing (a method recommended in children and explored here as a feasible alternative for pregnant women) and artificial intelligence-powered chest X-ray interpretation software designed to enhance TB detection where radiological expertise is lacking. The study will also generate comprehensive, population-based data on TB and TB infection (TBI) among pregnant, postpartum women and women of reproductive age in Guinea-Bissau. The results are intended to inform health policy, both locally and in high-income countries, by providing evidence to improve TB screening protocols and care for this vulnerable group. Ultimately, the study seeks to develop scalable strategies that can be replicated across low- and middle-income countries to advance maternal and child health and support global TB eradication efforts.

The global incidence rate and mortality of tuberculosis (TB) pose a challenge to achieving the goals set out in the tuberculosis eradication strategy and the SDGs by 2030. At present, timely and accessible early detection methods for tuberculosis are still a major obstacle. In this context, the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI), especially the AI-assisted chest X-ray (CXR) in the field of diagnostic imaging, has proved the potential to significantly improve the speed and accuracy of tuberculosis diagnosis. However, the extent to which these technologies can affect the broader tuberculosis care cascade, especially by reducing the diagnostic time in the population level, has not yet been explored. The proposed project plans to use the certified AI-assisted CXR system (JF CXR-1) for tuberculosis screening, which aims not only to integrate AI into the diagnosis process, but also to critically assess its impact on the overall tuberculosis care cascade. The selected location for this project is Yichang City in western Hubei Province, China, which is facing a high TB burden. The city has established a strong city-wide health big data platform ten years ago, providing the basis for this project. The project will first optimize the AI-assisted CXR system through retrospective imaging to validate the accuracy of case screening (Stage Ⅰ). Secondly, the project will shift its focus to the real world, where cluster randomized controlled trials will be conducted in primary-care settings (Stage Ⅱ). In this stage, the effectiveness of the AI-assisted CXR system in reducing the diagnostic time of TB cases will be evaluated by comparing with those settings without using the tool. In stage Ⅲ, the qualitative and quantitative methods will be used to evaluate the generalization, practicality, and feasibility of extending the screening strategy in various community environments. If the AI-assisted screening strategy is proven accurate, effective, and sustainable, it may pave the way for its widespread adoption in primary healthcare institutions and other grassroots areas in China. This can not only improve the timeliness of tuberculosis diagnosis, but also help to allocate medical resources more effectively and significantly reduce tuberculosis-related incidence and mortality, bringing positive changes to global public health. In addition, the results of the project can also provide information for policy decisions and guide the formulation of strategies to prioritize the integration of AI into health care, which can not only fight against tuberculosis but also a series of other diseases.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Current TB control strategies focus largely on the binary paradigm of TB, which tackle Mtb infection and the symptomatic stages of the disease as the major drivers of the TB epidemic. However, prevalence surveys have shown that about 50% of cases in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis is isolated from sputum but do not report having symptoms. Therefore, asymptomatic TB may play an important role in TB transmission. However, no field study has demonstrated direct transmission from a subclinical TB case to a confirmed secondary case. TB-QUEST is an ERC-funded epidemiological field study that aims to provide direct evidence of effective transmission from asymptomatic TB cases to their close contacts using advanced genomic methods, and to better characterize the asymptomatic stage of TB within the natural history of disease.

Because pregnant women have been excluded from clinical research, including tuberculosis (TB) research, little is known about diagnosing, treating and preventing TB in pregnant women. We plan to perform a two-stage randomized trial that will identify best practices for screening pregnant and postpartum women for active TB (screening by symptoms vs. C-reactive protein levels) and the optimal timing of TPT initiation, relative to pregnancy (immediately during pregnancy or deferred to postpartum). Because undiagnosed TB among pregnant women with HIV is associated with many devastating complications to both the mother and fetus, this research has the potential to improve maternal and birth outcomes worldwide.

The study titled "Effectiveness of Chat-based Mobile Application for Consultation (Zalo) in Improving Compliance with Follow-up Tests after Abnormal Chest X-ray Findings Interpreted by Artificial Intelligence" aims to evaluate whether digital communication can enhance patient adherence to follow-up evaluations after lung disease screening in Vietnam. Lung cancer and tuberculosis (TB) remain leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Vietnam. Despite advances in screening technologies, including low-dose CT and AI-assisted chest X-rays, many patients fail to follow up after receiving abnormal results, resulting in delayed diagnosis and treatment. Communication barriers, low health literacy, and limited consultation time are key factors behind this gap. Digital health tools such as chat-based mobile applications offer potential to strengthen post-screening engagement and improve health outcomes. This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City between October 2025 and October 2026. Participants aged 40-62 years, who undergo routine chest X-ray screening interpreted by AI software (qXR by QURE.AI), will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. All participants must have an active Zalo account. In the intervention group, participants will receive their AI-interpreted results and educational guidelines for lung cancer or TB through the research team's Zalo account. The guideline covers disease overview, diagnostic methods, follow-up recommendations, and lifestyle guidance. Participants may ask questions directly to doctors specializing in nutrition, respiratory medicine, and pulmonary pathology, with guaranteed responses within 4 hours during working hours and 10 hours after hours. Messages are also sent via email as backup. The hospital's IT department oversees the Zalo platform to ensure data security. In the control group, participants will receive only the doctor's conclusion and brief advice via Zalo and email. They will be invited to connect with the hospital's official Zalo account for general inquiries but will not receive further digital consultation. Follow-up calls will assess compliance. For positive or suspected cases, research staff will call one month after result notification to confirm whether participants completed follow-up tests. For negative cases, calls will occur at six months to check for new symptoms or additional imaging. Structured questionnaires will document reasons for compliance or noncompliance. The study does not provide additional diagnostic services; all follow-up costs are covered by participants or their health insurance. The primary outcome is the rate of compliance with recommended follow-up tests. The secondary outcome measures participants' responsiveness to follow-up phone calls. Statistical analyses will compare compliance rates between groups using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Sample size calculations estimate that 2,692 participants are required to detect a 10% improvement in follow-up compliance (from 85% to 95%) with 80% power and 5% significance. Randomization will use REDCap software with block sizes of 2-8. Interviewers conducting follow-up calls will be blinded to group allocation. Ethical approval will be obtained from the Nhan Dan Gia Dinh Hospital Ethics Committee, and the study will be registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Data confidentiality will be strictly maintained, with all digital records password-protected and accessible only to authorized research members. This project is the first randomized controlled trial in Vietnam to evaluate the effectiveness of chat-based mobile consultation in improving post-screening compliance for lung diseases. It leverages Vietnam's high mobile phone penetration and the popularity of Zalo to create a scalable model for patient engagement. Expected benefits include improved communication, increased awareness of lung cancer and TB, reduced loss to follow-up, and faster diagnostic confirmation. The findings will provide scientific evidence for integrating digital communication into screening programs and contribute to national efforts to improve early detection and management of lung diseases.

We know that in low-income countries where there is a lot of tuberculosis (TB) about 20%-50% of people treated for TB have long term problems with their lungs and general wellbeing. This means they can't always get back to doing activities they were doing before they had TB and may need further treatment, for example antibiotics, inhalers or special rehabilitation classes. Some people are unnecessarily treated again for TB because they still have a cough. There have been two international guides published recently, describing standards for providing follow up care for people treated for TB. However, in the UK despite there being 4000 new cases of TB diagnosed every year, we do not follow these guidelines and we do not know if people treated for TB here have similar residual problems with their lungs and general wellbeing. It is difficult to advocate for people treated for TB to have follow up care if we do not know the size of the problem. Anecdotally, experts who do the clinics report that there are a large percentage of people who go on to have long term health problems after they are "cured" from TB but there is no pathway to follow them up. There are no UK guidelines or funding to support TB follow-up or ongoing treatment. It is possible, extrapolating from the data from other countries, that 2000 people a year in UK have undiagnosed or untreated lung health problems because of their previous TB. We would like to see if people who are treated in the Liverpool TB service (a regional referral service) have long term problems with their lungs. We will do this by inviting people who were treated for TB to come for a review at approximately 1 year after finishing their treatment. We will ask them to blow into a lung function testing machine (the same that is used for diagnosing asthma) and ask them questions about their health and wellbeing. If they have cough, we will ask them for a sputum sample, and we will collect a blood sample if people are willing to donate a small amount of blood to be used in future research. These will be stored in a special freezer for future related studies into biomarkers and mechanisms of disease. We will also invite some people to partake in recorded interviews where they can give their opinion about how they feel having been treated for TB and what (if any) follow up they feel they would benefit from. We hope that by recording the problems (if any) the people treated for TB have, we will then be able to use this data to design a larger UK-wide study investigating the prevalence of lung disease after treatment for TB. If we find that there is significant disease, in future we can then test treatment options and care pathways, as well as advocate for people to have improved follow up rather than just living with chronic lung health issues that might impair how well they can live their lives.

The aim of the study is to pilot the application of a novel ESAT6/CFP10 (C-TST) skin test in rheumatologic disease patients prior to initiation of treatment with biologic and/or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARD). This is a prospective observational study involving the recruitment of patients with rheumatologic diseases who are planned for initiation of b/tsDMARD. Eligible patients would undergo skin testing by the Mantoux technique with purified protein derivative (PPD) RT23 on one forearm and C-TST on the other, alongside routine blood sampling for Interferon-Gamma Release Assay. The skin test results would be read within 48-72 hours afterwards. Treatment of TB infection would be provided in accordance with current clinical guidelines, followed by regular clinical monitoring for 2 years. Analyses involve performance evaluation of C-TST, and decision-analytical modelling incorporating multiple Markov process to evaluate the impact of management by LTBI testing methods on clinical outcomes and health care costs.

People living in high TB burden communities who undergo active case finding for TB may have chest X-ray changes suggestive of TB but their sputum test can be negative for the TB bacteria or they are unable to provide a sputum sample. This means they have bacteriologically unconfirmed TB. These individuals often have minimal or no symptoms and face uncertainty in clinical management-either receiving full 24-weeks TB treatment or often being discharged without treatment, risking loss to follow-up. The RADIO-TB trial aims to address the following main questions in relation to people with bacteriologically unconfirmed TB. 1. What is the risk of progression if treatment is not immediately started but there is close and careful follow-up over 78 weeks? 2. If treatment is started immediately what is the shortest duration of TB treatment that is as effective as the standard 24-week TB treatment? 3. Are there better tests to confirm TB than the current routinely used, sputum-based tests? 4. What is the cost effectiveness of different treatment strategies and what might the impact on transmission be within communities? Participants in the trial will be randomized into six groups: five receiving immediate standard TB treatment of varying durations (8 to 24 weeks), and one receiving deferred treatment with close monitoring. Deferred treatment will be initiated only if clinical deterioration occurs or TB is later confirmed. Participants will be closely followed for 78 weeks with at least 11 clinic visits.

The gold standard for tuberculosis (TB) treatment support requires directly observed therapy (DOT), which means a trained health worker observes the patient swallow each dose of medication every day for 2 months. Despite the practice of DOT in Malaysia, 1 in 20 patients are loss-to-follow-up and non-adherent to treatment. Sub-optimal adherence due to poor treatment acceptability and social desirability promotes TB treatment failure, disease relapse, on-going transmission, drug resistance, and death. Telemedicine offers a flexible and less invasive option to support TB treatment adherence. Despite 97% internet and smartphone penetration rates, the practical implementation of digital adherence strategies to support and monitor TB treatment remains untested in Malaysia. The investigators propose to design, implement, and measure the effectiveness of a comprehensive, pharmacist-led digital solution for TB treatment support called CARE-TB which combines a package of asynchronous video-observed therapy, digital reminders, telecounselling and e-learning. In this multi-method effectiveness-implementation (Type 2) study using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation and Sustainment (EPIS) framework, the investigators aim 1) To identify patient and provider-level facilitators and barriers to CARE-TB adoption via qualitative evaluation and to design a stakeholder-informed implementation strategy, (2) To assess effectiveness of CARE-TB strategy by evaluating (i) implementation outcomes, (ii) patient health outcomes, and (iii) service outcomes, and (3) To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CARE-TB compared to standard of care from a societal perspective. This study will leverage digital platforms to expand the reach of TB adherence support, enhance adherence to TB treatment and improve treatment completion rates, while utilising existing personnel and resources in among the busiest TB treatment centres in the country.

OBJECTIVE : To compare the outcome of treatment with silymarin or N-acetyl cysteine in patients taking anti-tuberculous drugs for tuberculosis at Tertiary Care Hospital, Karachi. SAMPLE SELECTION : Patients presenting with tuberculosis previously not on anti-tuberculous drugs, between 40-80 years of age, both genders will be included .Patients with history of alcohol use,Discontinuation of drug due to other adverse effects except hepatotoxicity ,Inadequate date of laboratory testing at baseline or 2 to 4 weeks after treatment initiation, Cases with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection, viral hepatitis, or suspected mal absorption (e.g., gastrointestinal disease or diarrhea) ,Chronic liver disease, COPD, asthma, myocardial infarction, chronic kidney disease and stroke will be excluded

This study is part of a broader programme of work to develop and pilot a randomised-controlled trial of new tests to identify people who will benefit most from preventive treatment for tuberculosis (TB). The aim of the current study is to explore factors affecting patient decisions to start preventive treatment. The specific objectives are to understand how patients make decisions about preventive treatment initiation for TB (stage 1); and to design and conduct a "discrete choice experiment" survey to further evaluate preferences (stage 2).

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate if N-acetylcysteine (NAC) works to prevent post-tuberculosis lung disease (PTLD) in patients with severe pulmonary impairment. It also aims to assess the safety of NAC. The main questions the study aims to answer are: Does NAC improve lung function (FEV1%) over 12 months in participants with pulmonary tuberculosis and baseline risk factors for PTLD? What medical issues or adverse events do participants experience while taking NAC? Researchers will compare NAC treatment to a control group to see if it can prevent PTLD when given in addition to standard TB treatment. Participants will: Take NAC (1800mg twice daily) for 6 months with standard TB treatment or receive standard TB treatment alone; Attend scheduled clinic visits for 12 months, during which they will have respiratory assessments, blood tests, and symptom monitoring; Complete quality-of-life questionnaires and provide sputum and blood samples for analysis at multiple time points.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an ongoing public health and socioeconomic challenge worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as Vietnam. Despite improvements in healthcare, TB still causes significant problems to those infected, especially within marginalized populations, including financial hardship, stigma, and mental health issues. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a psycho-socioeconomic support intervention intended to improve treatment outcomes and reduce financial hardship faced by TB-affected households in Vietnam, measured through catastrophic costs. Methods: A hybrid type II effectiveness implementation study using a randomized control trial study design will be employed to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of the intervention. The study will be conducted in 12 Vietnamese provinces across Northern, Central, and Southern regions, targeting areas with lower TB treatment success rates. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a control group, which will receive standard care, or an intervention group, which will receive cash transfers conditioned on participation in TB Club peer-support meetings. Data will be collected on the individual, household and district levels. Individual outcomes will include treatment success, health-related quality of life, TB-related stigma, and anxiety and depression. Household outcomes will include catastrophic cost incurrence, changes in financial capital and livelihoods, and TB service and universal health coverage (UHC) uptake. Implementation outcomes, by district, will include fidelity, satisfaction, participation, acceptability, and quality. Hypothesis: The study hypothesizes that providing financial and enhanced psychosocial support to people with TB will improve their treatment success and reduce the financial burden on TB-affected households.

In the last 30 years, tuberculosis (TB) has re-emerged in industrialised countries as a public health, with a decrease in incidence among the resident population and an increase in the burden of immigrants. Therefore, it becomes a priority to implement an effective TB control that relies on both rapid and reliable identification of active infections, with a adequate treatment and surveillance of resistance, but also on the identification of latent tuberculosis infections (ITBL) in populations at higher risk of progression to the active disease, representing a source of infection for the community.

The goal of this study is to find out if using mobile vans with advanced technology can help reduce tuberculosis (TB) in rural Guangxi, China. The study will also examine how practical and cost-effective this approach is. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1) Does this new screening method lower the number of TB cases among high-risk groups? and 2) Is this method practical and acceptable for communities and healthcare workers? Participants in the study will: 1) undergo TB screening with mobile vans that use artificial intelligence (AI) to read chest X-rays, 2) answer a short questionnaire about their symptoms and health history, and 3) provide sputum samples for GeneXpert testing if needed. Some communities will receive the new screening method, while others will continue with usual care. Researchers will compare TB rates in the two groups over three years to see if the new approach works better for TB control. If successful, this method could be used to improve TB control in other areas.

This is an observational study among approximately 160 end-stage renal disease patients on renal replacement therapy and post-living donor or deceased donor kidney transplant recipients. Investigators aim to assess the proportion of positive IGRA associated with symptom development, sputum Xpert MTB/RIF assay, and chest radiograph to define latent TB infection and subclinical TB among ESKD and renal transplant patients.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern in Thailand and globally, especially in tropical regions, with pulmonary TB being predominant. Besides affecting the lungs, TB can also impact extrapulmonary organs. Standard TB treatment involves a combination of drugs administered for at least 6 months, but it can cause adverse effects such as hepatitis. Hepatotoxicity, occurring in 20-60% of patients, is commonly linked to isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. Slow acetylators of the NAT2 gene are particularly susceptible. Previous research suggests N-acetylcysteine (NAC) may mitigate hepatotoxicity, especially among slow acetylators. A recent study by Kittichai Samaithongcharoen and team showed that NAC reduced hepatotoxicity incidence significantly among slow acetylators. This underscores the potential of NAC in preventing drug-induced hepatotoxicity in TB treatment, warranting further investigation against standard treatment protocols.