Venous Insufficiency (Chronic)(Peripheral)

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an effective treatment for end-stage knee osteoarthritis; however, postoperative complications-particularly wound healing problems-remain a significant concern. Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is associated with venous hypertension, impaired microcirculation, and tissue hypoxia, which may negatively affect wound healing and increase complication rates. This prospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate the impact of preoperative CVI on postoperative outcomes following TKA. Patients will be assessed preoperatively using the CEAP classification and Doppler ultrasonography to identify and stratify venous insufficiency. Participants will be followed for 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome will be wound healing complications in the early postoperative period. Secondary outcomes will include functional outcomes assessed by the Knee Society Score (KSS), patient-reported outcomes using the WOMAC score, and overall complication rates. The findings of this study are expected to clarify the role of venous insufficiency as a potential risk factor in TKA and may contribute to improved preoperative risk stratification and postoperative management strategies.

This randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial will evaluate the efficacy of photobiomodulation (PBM) combined with compression therapy in the healing of venous ulcers (VUs) in the lower limbs. A total of 96 participants will be allocated into two groups: Experimental Group (PBM + compression) and Control Group (sham PBM + compression). Treatments will be administered twice weekly for 16 weeks (32 sessions). The primary outcome will be complete wound healing. Secondary outcomes include changes in ulcer area and volume, pain (VAS), quality of life (SF-36), clinical severity (VCSS), wound quality (Bates-Jensen Scale), infrared thermography, and treatment costs. Data will be analyzed using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis, chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, with a significance level of p \< 0.05.