Clinical trials

The goal of this observational study is to learn if trunk control (the ability to balance and stabilize the upper body while sitting or moving) links autism severity to functional exercise capacity in children aged 4-12 years with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does trunk control explain why children with more severe ASD have lower functional exercise capacity? 2. Do trunk control and functional exercise capacity differ across ASD severity levels (Level 1, 2, and 3)? Participants will complete two assessments in a single 30-40 minute session during their routine clinic visit: 1. A trunk control test, where a trained physiotherapist observes seated balance and movement. 2. A 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), where the child moves along a flat hospital corridor for 6 minutes and the total distance covered is recorded as a measure of functional exercise capacity. No treatment or intervention is involved. All assessments are safe, non-invasive, and conducted at a tertiary care children's hospital in Pakistan.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if graded motor imagery can reduce pain sensitivity and period pain in women with primary dysmenorrhea (painful periods with no medical cause). The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Is there a decrease in pressure pain threshold (increased pain sensitivity) with graded motor imagery? 2. Is the intensity of menstrual pain reduced by graded motor imagery? 3. Is GMI helpful to reduce menstrual symptoms and pain catastrophizing (negative thinking about pain)? Researchers will compare full GMI (active intervention), a sham GMI(inactive intervention), and a wait-list (no intervention) to see if GMI works better than the alternatives. Participants will: 1. Take part in a 6-week graded motor imagery program, sham program, or no intervention control. 2. Do laterality recognition, motor imagery, and mirror therapy exercises in the graded motor imagery group. 3. Complete pain and symptom assessments before and after the program, and again at follow-up.