Clinical trials

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a persistent, idiopathic form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) marked by uninterrupted inflammation of the colon's mucosal lining, usually starting at the rectum and progressing proximally in a continuous manner. It manifests clinically with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and weight loss. The precise cause of UC is still unknown; however, it is thought to arise from a multifactorial interaction involving genetic susceptibility, immune system dysregulation, disturbances in gut microbiota composition, and various environmental factors.

Neuroinflammation is considered one of the most important factors contributing critically to pathophysiology of PD . Recently, high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein has been encoded as a potential inflammatory biomarker in PD. HMGB1 mediates immune response mostly through endothelial cells and macrophage activation via targeting two vital cell receptors; Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and advanced glycation end products (RAGE).