Clinical trials

This is a multicentre, investigator-blinded, randomised controlled trial evaluating whether the use of oral metoclopramide before surgery can reduce the amount of residual gastric content in patients who are taking glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) for weight loss. These medications are known to slow down gastric emptying, which may increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration during anaesthesia. Patients will be randomly assigned to either receive metoclopramide 24 hours before surgery or continue with standard care. The primary outcome will be the presence or absence of residual gastric content on ultrasound before surgery. Secondary outcomes include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and any adverse effects of the medication.

Cancer of the lowermost part of the intestine (the rectum) is a common disease and both this disease and its treatment can have major impact on patients. Unless treated early, the disease can progress, spread to other parts of the body and ultimately cause death. Treatment often involves radical surgery, but this too has consequences and risks major complications. Best outcomes regarding cure with least impact depend on the disease being detected at an early stage as rectal cancer tends to start first as a non-cancerous polyp. The smallest of these precursor polyps can be easily removed during a routine colonoscopy but once the polyp grows over 2cm in size it is much harder to categorise correctly as the risk of it containing cancer somewhere in it increases markedly. If there is definitely cancer present in such a polyp it is best treated from the outset as a cancer with major surgery, but if there is definitely not a cancer in it then it can be removed from inside the bowel with minimally invasive techniques. Unfortunately, despite our current very best methods, up to 20% of tumours initially thought to be benign are found to be malignant only after they are excised We have previously shown that cancerous and non-cancerous tissues can be visually differentiated by analysis of their perfusion during the examination. For this we use a specific approved fluorescent dye, indocyanine green (ICG). ICG is commonly used in bowel surgery anyway to assess the blood supply to the bowel and has a very good safety profile. ICG is injected into the bloodstream during surgery and the rate at which it is taken up by various tissue types is detected by specific and approved cameras which can reveal fluorescence in tissue. We have previously found that the rate of uptake of this dye is different in cancer tissue compared to non-cancer tissue and have used artificial intelligence algorithms to measure this difference. However, we now need to ensure that this method can work also in other patients, in other centres and indeed in other countries to ensure it is indeed a valid and useful way of assessing rectal polyps. The goal of this observational study is to validate the use of fluorescence pattern analysis in the classification of rectal tumours. Patients enrolled in the study will attend for a visual examination of the rectal tumour in theatre as is standard practice. During this examination a video recording of the fluorescence perfusion will be taken following ICG administration. Patients will then have the tumour excised or treated as is standard of care by their surgeon. The video will later be analysed to determine the pattern of fluorescence perfusion within the tumour, and a classification will be assigned based on the pattern seen. All tumours that are excised are examined under the microscope by a pathologist to determine the final diagnosis. The fluorescence based classification will be compared to this pathological diagnosis to determine the accuracy of the method. So, patients will still have the exact same standard of care as currently happens, the hope is that in future this method can be developed to the point where it could be useful by means of a useable, accurate automated software process. If so, that will form the basis of another study in the future to look to see if it can guide or even replace biopsies and help with ensuring complete removal ('clear margins') after excision.

Surgery can effectively treat colorectal cancer, but it is a complex procedure with risks and complications. Surgeons often rely on cameras to visually guide their instruments during operations, especially in minimally invasive ("keyhole") and endoscopic procedures. The camera is connected to a computer and generates the internal scene onto a display screen, which the surgeon looks at throughout the procedure, helping them make informed decisions throughout the operation. Fluorescence-guided surgery uses a particular type of camera that can detect images in both normal light and in the near-infrared range. To work, it needs the administration of an agent called indocyanine green to a patient and then the camera can see if the agent is in the tissue of interest to the operation at the time of the surgery. In this way, decisions regarding blood supply ("perfusion") can be helped, especially related to safety in joining together portions of tissue after removal of disease. The equipment and agent are approved for use in this way and have very good safety profiles. Many international studies have already demonstrated that the use of fluorescence-guided surgery is associated with lower rates of leaks when disease bowel segments are removed, and the healthy ends are joined back together. Previous work we have done has shown that sophisticated computing methods can learn to interpret the fluorescence patterns to a similar standard as a surgeon who is very experienced in fluorescence-guided surgery. In this study, we aim to assess whether the computer system we have developed work in real-time, in theatre to provide a reliable interpretation of the fluorescence pattern, that would match how an expert would interpret the same pattern. The system's analysis will not impact on the operation; instead, video images will be recorded, processed and analysed by our computer system. The results of the interpretation will not be shown to the operating surgeon during the procedure to avoid any impact on decision-making.