Clinical trials

This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS), Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation, and combined MMS+IFA supplementation among pregnant women. Maternal anemia and micronutrient deficiencies are common during pregnancy and can adversely affect both maternal and neonatal health outcomes. A total of 402 pregnant women with gestational age of 20 weeks or less will be randomly assigned to receive MMS, IFA, or combined MMS+IFA supplementation. Participants will be followed throughout pregnancy until delivery. Maternal hemoglobin levels, maternal compliance with supplementation, and neonatal outcomes including birth weight, preterm birth, APGAR scores, and congenital anomalies will be assessed. The findings of this study will provide evidence to guide antenatal nutrition policies and practices in Pakistan.