Clinical trials

The goal of this observational study is to better understand how the pancreas works in adults with type 2 diabetes. The study focuses on both hormone production (endocrine function) and digestive function (exocrine function) of the pancreas. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can problems with the pancreas help identify a different type of diabetes called pancreatogenic diabetes? * How are blood markers and pancreas structure related to pancreatic function? Participants will: * Have blood tests to measure glucose, insulin, and other markers * Provide a stool sample to assess digestive function * Undergo an ultrasound examination of the pancreas * Answer questions about digestive symptoms The study will take place during a single visit in outpatient clinics.

Kidney stone recurrence, particularly infection-related stones, remains a significant clinical problem after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL). Bacterial colonization and persistent infection are recognized contributors to stone recurrence. This study evaluates the effectiveness of intrarenal dioxidine instillation as a metaphylactic measure to reduce recurrence of infection-related kidney stones following PCNL. Patients undergoing PCNL will receive standard treatment, with or without adjunctive intrarenal dioxidine administration. The study aims to assess whether this approach reduces stone recurrence and infection-related complications.