This study aims to compare three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) visualization in biportal endoscopic spine surgery using a simulated environment. Surgeons will perform standardized tasks on a spine model while using either 3D or 2D endoscopic systems. The goal is to determine whether 3D technology can improve precision, efficiency, and movement control during surgery. The study uses a randomized, blinded, crossover design to ensure objective results and may help guide future training and technology use in spinal endoscopy.
Enrolled in the neurosurgical residency or fellowship program at the Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, Switzerland
Completion of basic neurosurgical training modules, including introductory endoscopic handling
Age ≥ 18 years
Willingness and ability to provide informed consent
Prior substantial experience with three-dimensional (3D) endoscopy (defined as > 5 independent procedures performed with 3D visualization systems)
Ocular or neurological conditions impairing stereopsis, fine motor control, or safe endoscope handling
Inability or unwillingness to complete the simulation protocol
Declined participation
Felix Corr
Lead sponsor
Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen
Sponsor institution