Spinal Diseases

This study aims to compare three-dimensional (3D) and two-dimensional (2D) visualization in biportal endoscopic spine surgery using a simulated environment. Surgeons will perform standardized tasks on a spine model while using either 3D or 2D endoscopic systems. The goal is to determine whether 3D technology can improve precision, efficiency, and movement control during surgery. The study uses a randomized, blinded, crossover design to ensure objective results and may help guide future training and technology use in spinal endoscopy.

This clinical study aims to determine which of two medications-dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine-works better and is safer when used together with a local anesthetic (ropivacaine) in a type of nerve block called the erector spinae plane block (ESPB). This block helps reduce pain after lumbar spine surgery.

Currently, Enoxaparin is the usual prophylactic anticoagulant treatment at the acute and sub-acute phases of spinal cord injury (SCI). Patients at the sub-acute phase of SCI (rehabilitation) will be given either Enoxaparin 40 mg/day (control) or Apixaban 2.5-5 mg twice a day. Apixaban dose will be determined by the treating physician. Treatment will be continued for either 6 or 12 weeks following injury (for AIS grades C-D and A-B respectively). Endpoints: Venous thromboembolism will be evaluated by D-Dimer test every 2 weeks and an ultrasound doppler at the beginning and the end of the treatment. Bleeding events will be recorded and hematocrit will be monitored every two weeks.