This clinical study aims to determine which of two medications-dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine-works better and is safer when used together with a local anesthetic (ropivacaine) in a type of nerve block called the erector spinae plane block (ESPB). This block helps reduce pain after lumbar spine surgery.
Adults aged 18 to N/A (no limit)
Scheduled for elective lumbar spine surgery (e.g., decompression or fusion) via posterior approach
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III
Body weight ≥ 50 kg
Known allergy or contraindication to ropivacaine, dexamethasone, or dexmedetomidine
Infection at or near the site of block placement
Coagulation disorders or current use of anticoagulant therapy (not discontinued per guidelines)
Chronic opioid use or opioid dependence