Levocarnitine for Reducing ESA Requirements in Hemodialysis Patients With Renal Anemia

Renal anemia is common in people receiving long-term hemodialysis and is usually treated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Some patients respond poorly and require high ESA doses, which increases treatment burden, cost, and potential side effects. Carnitine deficiency is frequent in hemodialysis because carnitine is lost during dialysis and its synthesis is reduced. Levocarnitine may improve red blood cell function and reduce the dose of ESA needed to maintain hemoglobin.

This single-center, randomized controlled trial will test whether adding intravenous levocarnitine to standard care reduces ESA requirements in adults on maintenance hemodialysis who have renal anemia. Ninety-four participants (age 20-60 years) on thrice-weekly hemodialysis for ≥6 months and with hemoglobin \<10 g/dL will be randomly assigned (1:1) to:

Intervention: Levocarnitine 1,000 mg IV three times per week, administered after each dialysis session, plus usual anemia care including ESA per unit protocol.

Control: Usual anemia care including ESA per unit protocol without levocarnitine.

Participants will be followed for 6 months. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, ESA dose, and the erythropoietin responsiveness index (ERI = monthly ESA dose ÷ \[dry weight × average hemoglobin\]) will be recorded monthly.

The primary outcome is the ESA dose (units/week) at month 6. Secondary outcomes include ERI and monthly changes in hemoglobin and hematocrit, along with routine safety monitoring. If levocarnitine lowers ESA needs, the findings may offer a cost-effective strategy to optimize anemia management in hemodialysis patients.