Psychological Factors and Pain in Orthopedic Surgery Patients

The goal of this observational study is to verify the association of previously underexplored psychological variables on postoperative pain experience and its progression over time in patients undergoing emergency and elective orthopedic surgeries, including both sexes (age range: 18-65). The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. Do psychological factors such as dysfunctional personality traits and emotional regulation explain the experience of pain after surgery and after six months? 2. Does the experience of the body mediate the relationship between dysfunctional personality traits and the experience of pain after surgery and after six months? 3. Does the experience of pain differ between patients who underwent emergency and elective orthopedic surgery (after surgery and after six months)?

Researchers will compare the pain experience of patients undergoing emergency orthopedic surgery to those undergoing elective orthopedic surgery to see if there are significant differences in pain outcomes and recovery trajectories.

Participants will:

* complete psychological questionnairs to evaluate dysfunctional personality traits, emotional regulation, and body image; * report their subjective pain level and provide information on their coping strategies for managing pain and information about pain interference in everyday functioning; * engage in follow-up evaluation (6 months after the surgery) to assess the impact of pain on their daily activities and rehabilitation progress and complete some of the questionnaires again.