Orthopedic Surgical Procedures

The goal of this observational study is to determine the correlation between cerebral oxygenation values measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and other routine monitoring parameters in patients placed in the semi-sitting position. The primary questions investigated are : Do NIRS values correlate with heart rate, invasive mean arterial pressure, and end-tidal carbon dioxide? Do NIRS values reflect changes observed in arterial blood gas analysis? Are cerebral perfusion-related parameters associated with patients' comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension? Researchers will compare routine noninvasive monitoring (heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral oxygen saturation) with invasive arterial monitoring and NIRS to assess whether NIRS provides additional information for evaluating cerebral perfusion. Participants will be monitored for: Heart rate Invasive mean arterial pressure End-tidal carbon dioxide Arterial blood gas changes Cerebral oxygenation with NIRS Patients' comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, obesity, hypertension) will also be recorded, and their association with perfusion-related parameters will be analyzed.

The goal of this study is to determine the effect of murottal and classical music on postoperative pain intensity and interleukin 6 levels in patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery with spinal anesthesia. This study also aims to evaluate whether these therapies can help reduce pain and influence the body's inflammatory response. Main questions to be answered: Can murottal or classical music reduce postoperative pain intensity in patients? Can the use of murottal or classical music lower the levels of interleukin 6, an inflammatory marker, in patients after lower extremity orthopedic surgery? Participants will: Listen to murottal or classical music during their lower extremity orthopedic surgery with spinal anesthesia. Measure pain intensity and interleukin 6 levels before and after the intervention to assess the effect of the therapy. Undergo routine checkups to ensure the safety and success of the therapy. This study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the use of non-pharmacological therapies such as murottal and classical music in managing pain and the inflammatory response in patients after orthopedic surgery.

The goal of this observational study is to verify the association of previously underexplored psychological variables on postoperative pain experience and its progression over time in patients undergoing emergency and elective orthopedic surgeries, including both sexes (age range: 18-65). The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Do psychological factors such as dysfunctional personality traits and emotional regulation explain the experience of pain after surgery and after six months? 2. Does the experience of the body mediate the relationship between dysfunctional personality traits and the experience of pain after surgery and after six months? 3. Does the experience of pain differ between patients who underwent emergency and elective orthopedic surgery (after surgery and after six months)? Researchers will compare the pain experience of patients undergoing emergency orthopedic surgery to those undergoing elective orthopedic surgery to see if there are significant differences in pain outcomes and recovery trajectories. Participants will: * complete psychological questionnairs to evaluate dysfunctional personality traits, emotional regulation, and body image; * report their subjective pain level and provide information on their coping strategies for managing pain and information about pain interference in everyday functioning; * engage in follow-up evaluation (6 months after the surgery) to assess the impact of pain on their daily activities and rehabilitation progress and complete some of the questionnaires again.