Dietary Exposure

The aim of this randomized trial with a 2-by-2 factorial design is to test the efficacy of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin and personalized dietary counseling based on 24-hr urine collection results and dietary assessments for kidney stone recurrence prevention in patients with calcium kidney stones. Study interventions: * Empagliflozin 10 mg once daily per os for 36 months * Personalized dietary counseling for 36 months. Control interventions: * Placebo once daily per os for 36 months * Generic dietary counseling for 36 months.

This study aims to examine how the amount of potato and form of potato within a meal impacts intake and acceptability of other non-starchy vegetables.

The Cohort on Plant-based Diets (COPLANT) study is a multi-centre cohort study that starts baseline recruitment from 2024 to 2027 with approximately 6,000 participants in Germany and Austria. The COPLANT study focuses on vegan (no animal products), vegetarian (no meat and fish, but dairy products and eggs), pescetarian (no meat, but fish) and omnivorous (mixed diet including all possible animal products) diets. The aim of the COPLANT study is to gain new insights on health benefits and risks as well as social, ecological and economic effects of different plant-based diets in comparison to a mixed diet. In addition to a detailed dietary survey using an app adapted to the needs of this study, the baseline examination includes measurements of body composition, bone health, cardiovascular risk factors, diabetes risk, contaminants and lifestyle. For the basic laboratory program, fasting blood, 24-hour urine collection and a stool sample are taken from all study participants. Furthermore, specific aspects of dietary behavior, physical activity and other lifestyle factors are collected via questionnaires. Follow-up studies are planned at intervals of 5, 10 and 20 years after the baseline visit.

The link between what people eat and how it affects faecal output (poo) has been understudied. Most of the research that has looked at the link between diet, bowel movements and overall health has studied different types of fibre extracted from foods (e.g., fibre extracted from carrots), rather than foods in the form that they are consumed. It is necessary for scientists to investigate the relationship between food as people usual eat it (e.g., a carrot) and bowel movements, as this information is key to understanding the relationship between what people eat and overall health. The investigators would like to understand the relationship between intake of certain foods and faecal output. This will help to develop a chart, similar to the United Kingdom National Health Service urine colour hydration chart. The chart will allow people to know, by looking at their poo, whether they are eating enough of the foods that will keep them healthy. By monitoring and measuring participants' bowel movements, and providing information about diet, participants will provide the data we need for this research.

The goal of this observational study is to compare the nutritional intake among pregnant women with a strict plant-based diet versus an omnivorous diet. The main aim is to compare vitamin B12 intake. Participants will be asked to: * fill out a health questionnaire * fill out a three-day food diary * undergo blood sampling Researchers will compare pregnant women with a strict plant-based diet and pregnant women with an omnivorous diet to see if their nutritional intake is comparable.