Healthy Adult Females

The goal of this study is to learn about potential reversible effects of combined oral contraceptive (COC) use on the serotonergic brain system. The main question it aims to answer is: \- If COC discontinuation results in an increase in serotonin 4 receptor binding in caudate, putamen, and hippocampus measured with Positron Emission Tomography from baseline to follow-up ≥ week 8 after discontinuation. The secondary question it aims to answer is: \- Over what timeframe the serotonin 4 receptor binding is restored after COC discontinuation to the level previously seen in a group of premenopausal women who had not used hormonal contraception before. Researchers will compare discontinuation with continuation of a 2nd generation COC containing 150 ug levonorgestrel and 30 microgram to see if COC discontinuation results in an increased serotonin 4 receptor level in the brain. \- Participants will: * Be randomized to discontinue or continue their COC use for 1-52 weeks. * Undergo an investigational program including brain scans, biological sampling, and neuropsychological testing at baseline and at follow-up. The study uses a group sequential design with two sequential analyses planned, including an interim analysis after 60% of the brain scans have been acquired, which will be used to decide the timing of the last 40% of the scans - this is performed to best determine when the recovery of the serotonin 4 receptor level occurs.

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate if molecular hydrogen can reduce the metabolic response during graded exercise in healthy women aged 18-30 years. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does molecular hydrogen reduce the respiratory exchange ratio? * Does molecular hydrogen reduce oxygen uptake? Researchers will compare molecular hydrogen to a placebo (ambient air containing no molecular hydrogen) to see if molecular hydrogen reduces the metabolic response. Participants will: * Inhale molecular hydrogen for 60 minutes each day for 7 days. * Undergo an exercise testing twice after a two-week washout period.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if biphasic In Vitro Maturation (IVM) works to help young women who produce very few oocytes after controlled ovarian stimulation. The study focuses on women under age 35 who have a good number of follicles in their ovaries but do not respond well to standard ovarian stimulation by Gonadotropin (known as POSEIDON Group 1a). The main questions it aims to answer are: How many mature oocytes can be obtain after biphasic -VM? Researchers will use biphasic-IVM system to see if it can bypass the problems these patients face with standard treatments, such as high costs and the risk of medical complications like Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). Participants will: Have their immature eggs collected from the ovaries without the need for high-dose hormone injections. Have their eggs matured in a specialized laboratory using a two-step process (biphasic IVM) to improve egg quality. Follow up with researchers to check the number of embryos created and the safety of the procedure.

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the effect of menstrual cycle phases on postprandial triglyceride concentrations in healthy young female adults. The main question it aims to answer is: do postprandial triglyceride concentrations differ between the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle? Participants will: visit the laboratory for a preliminary screening session to assess eligibility, and undergo two experimental sessions consisting of six hours of seated rest following the consumption of a high-fat meal (one session conducted in the early follicular phase, and one session conducted in the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle).

The goal of this study is to learn if an olive oil extract works to improve knee pain and discomfort in adults. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1) Does the olive oil extract improve the perceptions of knee pain and discomfort, and 2) Does the olive oil extract improve knee function in adults? The main procedures in the study include: * Screening and informed consent * Take one assigned study capsule (supplement or placebo) daily with food for 6 weeks * Complete digital questionnaires about your knee pain, stiffness, and function at scheduled times * Complete a Day 1 acute assessment and two simple functional movement tests at home as described below * If possible, connect a compatible wearable device to allow collection of sleep and physical activity data as detailed below. * Collect saliva samples at home using a provided kit at designated timepoints * Record any pain medications taken during the study or any side effects

This is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose (SAD) study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), immunogenicity and pharmacodynamics (PD) of DF5112 in healthy adult participants. A total of 48 participants are planned to be randomized into 6 cohorts. Additional cohorts at intermediate dose levels may be evaluated. Each cohort will include 8 healthy participants randomized to receive DF5112 or placebo through intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous (SC) administration. Following dose administration participants will be confined at the clinical research unit for observation for approximately 1 week and then will return for subsequent pre-identified follow up visits through Day 29.

Female athletes are often overlooked in scientific research, including the understanding of their digestive system and its impact on overall health, training, and performance. The gastrointestinal (GI) system plays a critical role in supporting digestion, nutrient absorption, and acting as a protective barrier for the body. While there is some knowledge about the differences in GI structure and function between males and females at rest, there is a lack of understanding regarding how these differences manifest during exercise, especially among female athletes and at different phases of the menstrual cycle. It has been observed that female athletes commonly report a higher prevalence of GI symptoms compared to males, with many experiencing an increase during menstruation. These symptoms, including bloating, abdominal discomfort, and irregular bowel movements, can significantly disrupt an athlete's training and performance. Elite female athletes have acknowledged that GI symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle have led to altered or disrupted training routines. While these symptoms are commonly recognized to affect a large portion of the female population, few interventions have been studied to assist in managing this discomfort. Some clinicians may direct their patients to take pain-relieving medications without any thoughts on the consequences of chronic use. One potential strategy to reduce GI symptoms during endurance exercise is probiotic-postbiotic supplementation. Various probiotic supplements have been shown to effectively decrease diarrhoea, constipation stress, and intestinal permeability, as well as impact immunologic outcomes. Postbiotics differ from probiotics in that they are made from microorganisms that are not alive. They allow the modulation of the composition and function of the gut microbiota and enhance the intestinal barrier to prevent unwanted substances from entering the body proper. While these biotics can relieve lower GI symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), there is less consensus regarding their efficacy in modulating exercise-associated GI symptoms. Previous research by Pugh et al., 2019 has demonstrated that four weeks of probiotic supplementation was able to reduce GI symptoms during a marathon race, however this work was predominantly conducted in males and did not take menstrual cycle in consideration. This is important given that symptoms are commonly higher in the early follicular phase when a female experiences their period. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effects of postbiotic supplementation on GI symptomology in female athletes. The aim of this present study is to investigate the influence of postbiotic supplementation on menstrual cycle symptoms and exercise-associated GI symptoms in female endurance athletes while exercising compared to symptoms while taking a placebo.