White Spot Lesion of Tooth

The goal of this observational study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Clinical examination as a standard for detection, identification and scoring of White Spot Lesions Versus Artificial intelligence analysis of intraoral photographs. The photographs are examined by experienced dental professionals to maintain diagnostic accuracy. Machine learning models YOLO and Mask-RCNN will analyze these images in three phases: pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical. A dataset of 329 labelled photographs, annotated by experts, is used to train these models. Data augmentation methods enhance model performance, and accuracy is assessed against clinical examination results to confirm reliability. The main question it aims to answer is: \- Is artificial intelligence analysis of intraoral photographs as accurate as clinical assessment in the detection, identification, and scoring of white spot lesions among adult Egyptian patients attending Cairo University Dental Hospital?

This randomized, split-mouth clinical trial will evaluate a new orthodontic adhesive that eliminates the need for acid etching before bracket bonding. Conventional orthodontic bonding requires etching enamel with phosphoric acid, which can weaken the outer enamel layer and increase the risk of white spot lesions and enamel damage. The etch-free adhesive under investigation is designed to simplify the bonding procedure while preserving enamel integrity. Twenty orthodontic patients starting treatment with braces will participate. For each patient, one side of the mouth (left or right) will be randomly assigned to receive the etch-free adhesive, while the opposite side will receive the conventional adhesive with acid etching. This intra-patient design allows a direct comparison under identical oral conditions. Participants will be followed for 12 months. Bracket failures, bonding time, ease of adhesive removal, enamel surface condition after debonding, and the presence of white spot lesions will be recorded. If effective, the etch-free adhesive may reduce enamel damage without compromising bond strength, providing a safer and more efficient bonding option for orthodontic patients.

The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the long-term color stability of two bioactive materials used in the management of white spot lesions: Surface Pre-Reacted Glass (S-PRG) containing resin-based light-cured varnish and S-PRG containing prophylaxis paste. The study will assess color changes over a 12-month period to determine which material better maintains aesthetic integrity while providing therapeutic benefits for demineralized enamel surfaces.

To evaluate and compare the clinical effect of four different remineralizing agents on initial enamel caries after a two years follow up.

To evaluate the remineralization potential of PRG Barrier Coat versus fluoride varnish in white spot lesions in permanent anterior teeth of children.

Fixed orthodontic patients are at risk of developing dental caries. Topical application of fluoride varnish (FV) around the orthodontic brackets and using fluoridated mouth rinses have been suggested to prevent the formation of white spot lesions (WSLs) on enamel. Recent studies have shown that silver diamine fluoride (SDF) demonstrated better outcomes in dental caries prevention as compared to FV. However, the caries preventive effects of SDF application around the orthodontic brackets have not been established yet. This study will be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of SDF in preventing WSLs formation in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. This study will use a randomised-controlled double-blinded design with three parallel arms. Ninety-nine eligible participants will be recruited. Using their registration number, a random list of patients will be generated using computer software. Each patient will be assigned randomly to three groups: SDF, FV, or placebo. Digital photographs of upper anterior teeth (frontal view) will be taken as a baseline and repeated at every review appointment. The materials will be applied around the orthodontic bracket of upper incisors and canines every 6 months. The formation of WSLs around the bracket will be evaluated at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months using three parameters: the ICDAS scoring system, the laser fluorescence caries detector, and digital photographic analysis using the Gorelick score. The patients' perception of the colour changes of the enamel will be evaluated through patient-reported outcomes. The difference in ICDAS and Gorelick scores and the patients' perceptions will be reported through descriptive statistics. The Kruskal-Wallis or one-way ANOVA statistical test will be used to compare the changes in fluorescence intensity between treatment groups. The investigators believe that the results of this study will provide insight into the caries preventive protocol among fixed orthodontics patients and subsequently reduce the incidence of WSLs during orthodontic treatment.

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of the application of Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and a novel green synthesized Nano-silver fluoride (NSF) on early enamel lesions in primary teeth. Proving their positive effect would be the basis for the development of innovative dental materials and hygienic agents to combat the carious process, which is a critical prerequisite for improving the quality of dental services and reducing dental anxiety and fear.