Clinical trials

Intravenous (IV) administration, one of the most fundamental and common practices carried out by nurses, is defined as the administration of medication directly into the circulatory system via a vein. Intravenous administration is one of the key clinical skills that must be performed using the correct technique. Supporting students' motivation to learn plays a significant role in the effective acquisition of this skill. The ARCS-V motivation model, which aims to enhance motivation during the teaching process, comprises the dimensions of attention, relevance, confidence, satisfaction and action. This study aims to investigate the effect of intravenous administration training based on the ARCS-V model on nursing students' levels of motivation and academic self-efficacy. The study will be conducted using a mixed-methods design incorporating both a randomised controlled trial and qualitative research methods. In the study, the experimental group will receive IV administration training structured according to the ARCS-V model, whilst the control group will be taught using the traditional teaching method. For the collection of quantitative data in this study, the "Demographic Information Form", the "Motivation Scale for Teaching Materials (ÖMMÖ)", the "Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (AÖÖ)" and the "Volition to Learn Scale (VFLS)" will be used. For the collection of qualitative data in the study, a "Semi-Structured Interview Form" will be used to determine the experiences of students in the experimental group regarding the learning process, and an audio recorder will be used to record the data. Whilst the quantitative data obtained will be analysed using statistical methods, the qualitative data will be evaluated through content analysis. It is anticipated that the findings of this research will demonstrate that teaching based on the ARCS-V model contributes to clinical skills training by supporting students' active participation in the learning process, as well as their motivation and will to learn.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the tissues around dental implants and may lead to progressive bone loss and implant failure. Current diagnosis is mainly based on clinical and radiographic findings, which may not fully reflect the underlying inflammatory activity. Therefore, there is a need for biological markers that may provide additional information about disease-related changes. This observational study aims to compare the levels of Meteorin-like protein (Metrnl) and selected inflammatory cytokines in peri-implant crevicular fluid obtained from individuals with peri-implantitis and individuals with healthy implants. The study will evaluate Metrnl, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). It will also examine the relationships between Metrnl and these inflammatory markers. The study hypothesis is that Metrnl levels differ between healthy peri-implant tissues and peri-implantitis and are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. The findings may help clarify the possible role of Metrnl in peri-implant inflammation and its potential as a biomarker for distinguishing peri-implant health from peri-implantitis.

Cataract is an ocular disorder resulting from lens opacity; it stands as the most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide and significantly impairs the quality of life in elderly individuals. Surgical treatment utilizing small-incision phacoemulsification is the most effective solution for cataracts. Cataract surgery is generally performed under local anesthesia, which requires patients to remain awake throughout the operation, thereby potentially increasing their anxiety experiences. Elevated anxiety not only reduces patient comfort but can also lead to alterations in physiological parameters and a prolongation of the operation time. Furthermore, it is observed that the surgical drapes used to maintain the sterility of the surgical field during the operation cause discomfort to the patient. The weight and positioning of these drapes can cover the patient's mouth and nose area during the ongoing surgery, creating a sensation of difficulty in breathing (dyspnea). In addition to these circumstances, standard oxygen support is provided to the patient during cataract surgery performed under local anesthesia. This support is administered nasally via an open-ended oxygen tubing from beneath the surgical drape, aiming to ease the patient's respiration. However, when the oxygen flow rate is increased based on the patient's needs, high-velocity and high-concentration oxygen administration is observed to cause mucosal dryness, which shortly triggers reflex-induced irritative coughing attacks. For these reasons, it is crucial to keep anxiety under control, provide oxygen to prevent hypoxia, and monitor physiological parameters during cataract surgery.

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based nursing interventions on social cognition, emotion regulation, and psychological flexibility in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. The study will be conducted at Erzincan Community Mental Health Center (TRSM) between October 2026 and January 2027. A total of 64 participants (32 experimental, 32 control) will be recruited from schizophrenia patients registered at the center. The experimental group will receive 8 structured group sessions based on ACT principles integrated into nursing practice (45-60 minutes per session, once weekly), while the control group will receive routine care only. Pre-test and post-test measurements will be obtained using the Observable Social Cognition Rating Scale (OSCARS), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form (DERS-16), and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II).

This study will examine whether Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) can reduce pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and functional-emotional impact in nursing students with primary dysmenorrhea. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will receive EFT-based support, and the control group will continue their usual coping practices. Study outcomes will be measured before the intervention, after the intervention, and at follow-up. This study may provide evidence for a safe, non-pharmacological approach to support students with primary dysmenorrhea.

The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of an artificial intelligence-supported digital education program developed based on the Neuman Systems Model on radiodermatitis severity and quality of life in women with breast cancer receiving radiotherapy. The intervention was developed based on the Neuman Systems Model, which served as the theoretical framework of the study. Educational content was structured according to the principles of the model and was designed to strengthen patients' flexible lines of defense, support resistance resources, facilitate adaptation to radiotherapy-related stressors, and promote system stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies. The study aims to answer the following questions: * Is a Neuman Systems Model-based AI-supported digital education program effective in reducing the severity of radiotherapy-induced radiodermatitis? * Is a Neuman Systems Model-based AI-supported digital education program effective in improving quality of life among women receiving radiotherapy for breast cancer? Participants assigned to the intervention group will be provided with access to the AI-supported digital education program developed in accordance with the Neuman Systems Model, whereas participants assigned to the control group will receive standard care. Differences between the groups with respect to radiodermatitis severity and quality of life outcomes will be evaluated. Participants will complete a Patient Information Form to collect sociodemographic and clinical characteristics prior to the initiation of radiotherapy. Radiodermatitis severity will be assessed using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Acute Radiation Dermatitis Scale, and quality of life will be evaluated using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the breast cancer-specific module (EORTC QLQ-BR23). Following these assessments, participants will be randomly allocated to either the intervention group or the control group. Radiodermatitis severity will be evaluated weekly throughout the radiotherapy period using the RTOG scale and reassessed two weeks after completion of radiotherapy. Quality of life will be evaluated before radiotherapy and reassessed two weeks after completion of radiotherapy using the EORTC QLQ-C30 and EORTC QLQ-BR23 questionnaires. Participants assigned to the intervention group will be provided with access to an AI-supported digital education platform incorporating educational modules, personalized educational recommendations, reminder notifications, and motivational messages. In addition, system usability will be evaluated at the end of the intervention period using the System Usability Scale (SUS).

This prospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate the association between postpartum recovery quality and mother-infant bonding in women undergoing vaginal delivery. Postpartum recovery quality will be assessed using the Obstetric Quality of Recovery-10 (ObsQoR-10) questionnaire, and mother-infant bonding will be evaluated using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Participants will be grouped according to routine clinical labor analgesia preference: women receiving labor epidural analgesia and women not receiving epidural analgesia. Additional assessments will include postpartum pain intensity, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and birth satisfaction. Baseline psychological assessments will be performed before delivery. The primary postpartum evaluation will be conducted between 6 and 24 hours after delivery. Exploratory follow-up assessments will be performed by telephone during postpartum week 2. The study aims to better understand the relationship between labor analgesia, postpartum recovery, and early mother-infant bonding outcomes after vaginal delivery.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based self-management education on diabetes-related difficulties and empowerment in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Participants will receive a structured education program designed to improve self-care behaviors, emotional well-being, and confidence in managing their condition. The program includes mindfulness practices, diabetes self-management education, and supportive group sessions. Outcomes such as diabetes distress, self-management behaviors, and patient empowerment will be measured before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to improving patient-centered care and supporting individuals with type 2 diabetes in managing their health more effectively.

This prospective, single-arm interventional study will evaluate the effects of long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) transposition without tenotomy as an augmentation technique for arthroscopic partial repair in adults with massive rotator cuff tears. Consecutive eligible patients undergoing arthroscopic partial rotator cuff repair plus tenotomy-sparing LHBT transposition augmentation at Balikesir City Hospital (Balikesir, Turkiye) will be enrolled and followed for 12 months. Patient-reported outcomes and clinical assessments will be collected preoperatively (baseline) and postoperatively at 3 and 12 months. The primary outcomes are shoulder function (ASES), rotator cuff-related quality of life (WORC converted to a 0-100 scale), and sleep disturbance (Insomnia Severity Index). Secondary outcomes include active shoulder range of motion and biceps-related clinical findings (Speed test, Yergason test, bicipital groove tenderness, and Popeye deformity). Postoperative MRI will not be obtained routinely and will be performed only if clinically indicated. The study aims to provide standardized prospective data on functional outcomes, quality of life, and sleep after this augmentation approach.

This single-center randomized controlled clinical trial will evaluate the effects of structured early postpartum mother-infant skin-to-skin contact, with or without maternal lavender aromatherapy, after elective cesarean section on maternal stress biomarkers and early breastfeeding outcomes. The study will enroll 150 term pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia at Ataturk University Research Hospital. Participants will be randomized into three groups: routine postoperative care, structured skin-to-skin contact, and structured skin-to-skin contact combined with inhalational lavender aromatherapy. The primary outcome is the change in maternal salivary cortisol level from immediately after birth to 60 minutes postpartum. Secondary outcomes include maternal salivary IgA levels, state anxiety scores, postoperative pain and nausea, time to first analgesic requirement, early breastfeeding initiation and success, LATCH scores, neonatal axillary temperature, cumulative duration and continuity of skin-to-skin contact, maternal satisfaction, and the need for mother-infant separation within the first 2 hours postpartum.

This randomized, single-center, single-masked clinical trial aims to compare the immunomodulatory effects of sevoflurane-based inhalational anesthesia and propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia in obese patients undergoing elective lumbar instrumentation surgery. Seventy patients will be randomized into two groups: a propofol group and a sevoflurane group. Blood samples will be collected preoperatively, at postoperative 6 hours, and at postoperative 24 hours. Pentraxin-3 and serum amyloid A levels will be evaluated as primary inflammatory biomarkers together with IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, glucose, and complete blood count parameters.

This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial aims to compare the effects of two different posterior knee analgesia techniques-iPACK block (Interspace Between the Popliteal Artery and the Capsule of the posterior Knee) and the Biceps Femoris Short Head (BiFeS) block-when combined with an adductor canal block (ACB) in patients undergoing elective unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Effective postoperative analgesia is essential for early mobilization, enhanced recovery, and patient satisfaction after TKA. Although ACB provides good anterior knee analgesia while preserving quadriceps strength, additional posterior knee analgesia is often required. The iPACK block is a commonly used technique that targets the posterior knee capsule, whereas the newer BiFeS block aims to provide more selective posterolateral sensory blockade with potentially reduced risk of motor involvement. However, comparative clinical data between these two techniques are limited. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the difference between the iPACK and BiFeS blocks in terms of Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) scores at 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary objectives include comparisons of postoperative pain scores, opioid consumption, time to first analgesic request, quadriceps and anterior tibialis muscle strength, functional test performance, time to mobilization, active range of motion, and the incidence of adverse events. A total of 74 adult patients scheduled for elective unilateral TKA under spinal anesthesia will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio into two groups: ACB + iPACK block or ACB + BiFeS block. All blocks will be performed under ultrasound guidance by an experienced anesthesiologist. Outcome assessments will be conducted by blinded investigators. The study aims to provide high-quality clinical evidence regarding the effectiveness of the BiFeS block compared to the widely used iPACK technique.

This prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial aims to compare the efficacy of two local anesthetic regimens for ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block in adult patients undergoing elective distal lower extremity surgery. Eligible participants (ages 18-65, ASA physical status I-III, BMI 18-35 kg/m²) will be randomized into two equal groups of 30. Patients in Group BL will receive a combination of 10 mL 2% lidocaine and 10 mL 0.5% bupivacaine, while patients in Group B will receive 20 mL 0.5% bupivacaine alone, administered via ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block prior to surgery. The primary outcome is the onset time of sensory and motor blockade. Secondary outcomes include block success rate, duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative opioid consumption, pain scores assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively, Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score, and incidence of rebound pain. The study is conducted at Ataturk University Research Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erzurum, Turkey.

This clinical trial aims to find out if playing an "educational escape room" game helps nursing students better learn how to manage patient elimination (urinary and bowel care). The study looks at how this game affects students' knowledge, hands-on skills, their desire to learn (motivation), and how happy they are with the training (satisfaction). The main questions the researchers want to answer are: Does the escape room game help students understand the rules and steps of elimination care better than traditional lessons? Does this method improve students' practical skills in tasks like inserting catheters, giving enemas, and performing stoma care? How does the game affect students' motivation to learn and their overall satisfaction with the nursing program? Researchers will compare students who use the educational escape room with students who learn through traditional methods to see if the game makes a real difference in their performance. Participants in this study will: Learn the theory behind bowel and bladder care (such as enemas and catheterization). Work in small groups to solve puzzles and find clues inside a themed room to complete patient care tasks. Take knowledge tests and practical "skill exams" after the training. Fill out surveys about how motivated they felt and how much they enjoyed the learning experience.

Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) agent used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion, is commonly administered in ophthalmology clinics through intravitreal injection. The systemic use of bevacizumab has been associated with serious conditions such as thromboembolism and bleeding. Although intravitreal bevacizumab is administered in smaller amounts and has limited systemic circulation, it requires repeated injections over a long period. These long-term intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies may lead to adverse outcomes, particularly thromboembolism, due to systemic inhibition of VEGF. However, limited information is available regarding the potential effects of this treatment on the systemic and cardiovascular systems. To evaluate this risk, the study aims to assess changes in the activities of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), which are closely associated with lipid metabolism, coronary artery disease, and atherosclerosis. These enzymes are known biomarkers of cardiovascular health and play significant roles in protection against oxidative stress and inflammation. For this purpose, a case-control study is planned. Serum BChE and PON1 activities, as well as triglyceride (TG)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and TG/glucose ratios, will be determined in patients receiving repeated intravitreal bevacizumab injections and in control groups, and cardiovascular disease risk will be assessed. This study may help us better understand the safety profile of this treatment by revealing the effects of bevacizumab on serum enzyme activities and cardiovascular risk factors. These findings could contribute to optimizing treatment strategies in clinical practice.

Total knee arthroplasty (TDA) is an effective surgical method applied to reduce pain, improve joint function, and enhance quality of life in patients with advanced osteoarthritis or joint degeneration. However, it is known that surgical success is not limited to the operation itself; pre- and post-operative processes are at least as important as the surgical technique. In particular, active patient participation, early mobilization, and adherence to exercises during the rehabilitation period directly affect treatment outcomes. Patient education plays a critical role in this process. Accurate and sufficient information reduces patients' anxieties about the surgical process and increases their confidence in the recovery process. It also prevents the development of kinesiophobia (fear of movement), supporting patients in participating in physical activity more quickly and safely. Patient education can be provided through various methods. Traditional approaches include face-to-face clinical training, verbal information provided by nurses or physiotherapists, written brochures, and visual materials. While this standard clinical training is effective in conveying basic information, it may have limitations in patients' ability to recall information and adapt it to daily life. In recent years, technology-based training methods have gained increasing importance. In particular, AI-assisted video-based anatomical visualization training can present the structure of the surgery, the placement of the prosthesis, and the movement mechanism to patients in a more understandable and visual way. Such interactive and visually rich training offers advantages in terms of increasing patients' knowledge levels, reducing anxiety, and strengthening their participation in treatment. In conclusion, success after total knee arthroplasty depends not only on the surgical intervention but also on effective patient education. Comparing standard clinical training with AI-assisted visual training methods constitutes an important area of research for improving patient outcomes.

tomas are classified according to the anatomical region in which they are created and the surgical technique used. Stomas that open into the large intestine are called colostomies, those that open into the small intestine are called ileostomies, and the creation of an anastomosis of the ureters to the abdominal wall is called a urostomy. Stomas are commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Ileostomy and colostomy are the most frequently encountered types of stomas. While colorectal cancer is the primary reason for intestinal stoma creation, inflammatory bowel diseases, penetrating abdominal injuries, congenital anomalies, obstructions due to diverticular disease, ischemic colitis, radiation injury, sigmoid colon volvulus, and fecal incontinence are also among the indications for stoma creation. Despite advances in surgical techniques, complications are commonly seen in individuals with stomas. Incorrect stoma placement, the use of inappropriate bags and adapter systems, and a lack of knowledge and skills among patients and caregivers play a significant role in the development of complications. Depending on these conditions, patients may encounter problems such as edema, bleeding, ischemia, and mucocutaneous dehiscence in the early postoperative period. These complications negatively affect not only physical health but also the individual's social life, psychological state, and overall quality of life. Symptoms such as peristomal skin problems, uncontrolled gas release, fecal incontinence, and pain can hinder participants' adaptation to daily life and lead to social isolation. Nursing care and patient education are of great importance in managing these problems faced by individuals with stomas. The nursing process requires a comprehensive approach extending from the pre-operative period to the post-discharge phase. In this process, individualized education programs addressing fundamental issues such as nutrition, elimination, sexuality, social participation, and privacy should be implemented to improve quality of life, develop self-care skills, and prevent complications. In this context, the investigators have planned this study to determine the effects of the education provided to patients on stoma adaptation, body image, and self-efficacy.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of progressive relaxation exercises, performed with the assistance of a therapeutic clown during the pre-operative period, on fear, anxiety and physiological parameters in children. This randomised controlled trial included children aged 6-10 years undergoing circumcision surgery. The children were randomised into three groups: a progressive relaxation exercise group led by a therapeutic clown, a progressive relaxation group led by a nurse, and a control group. Fear, anxiety and physiological parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation) were assessed before and after the procedure.

This randomized controlled clinical study aims to evaluate the clinical performance of five different bulk-fill composite materials representing distinct technological approaches according to the World Dental Federation (FDI) criteria. The materials include a thermoviscous bulk-fill composite applied with preheating, a sonic-activated bulk-fill composite, a flowable bulk-fill composite, an ORMOCER-based bulk-fill composite, and a conventional bulk-fill composite. Restorations will be clinically assessed at baseline, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months for esthetic, functional, and biological outcomes.

This study aims to examine the effect of Creative Drama on gender role stress, attitudes toward violence against women, and aggression among men who experienced the February 6, 2023 earthquake in Türkiye (centered in Kahramanmaraş). A total of 75 men (25 experimental, 25 placebo, and 25 control) will participate in the study. The experimental group will take part in a creative drama program, the placebo group will watch films focusing on masculinity roles and violence for 10 weeks, and no intervention will be applied to the control group. Data will be collected using the Gender Role Stress Scale for Men, the Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women Scale, and the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire - Short Form, and will be analyzed by an independent statistician. The study aims to enhance the psychological well-being of men affected by the earthquake in Türkiye, reduce violence against women, and contribute to gender equality.

The process of dressing burn injuries has been shown to cause both physical and psychological difficulties. In children, this process is particularly associated with intense pain and anxiety. Consequently, in addition to pharmacological interventions, non-pharmacological methods such as distraction are employed. In recent years, the utilization of holograms as a method of alleviating pain has emerged as a novel approach. The employment of these visual illusions has been demonstrated to effectively distract children, thereby providing a means of reducing discomfort. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of hologram application on pain, anxiety, fear, and vital signs during burn dressing in children.

This study is planned to examine the effect of video-assisted laughter yoga on pain and menstrual symptoms among students studying at a university in Türkiye. Data will be collected at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Konya Karatay University, between November 2025 and April 2026. The study population will consist of students aged 18 to 24 years studying at the Faculty of Health Sciences during the specified period. The sample size was calculated using the G Power computer program. Using a power analysis at the α=0.05 level, the effect size was calculated as 150, 153 (d=0.8), and the working power was calculated as 90%, indicating that at least 68 students should be included in the sample. Students meeting the research criteria and agreeing to participate in the study will be randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The socio-demographic data of the students in the Faculty of Health Sciences, the Visual Analog Scale to assess students' pain, and the Menstrual Symptom Scale to measure menstrual symptoms, prepared by the researcher in accordance with the literature, will be used.

In this study, it is planned to provide nursing care to women with an experience of unsuccessful IVF treatment by combining Emotional Freedom Technique (EFT) with the principles developed in line with the philosophy of Levine's Conservation Model. Women with an experience of unsuccessful IVF treatment will be evaluated according to the three conservation principles, and these principles will form the basis of the setup statements used in the EFT sessions. When evaluated within the scope of the model, infertility disrupts the individual's energy conservation, leading to increased fatigue; impairs personal integrity, causing feelings of hopelessness; and threatens social integrity, resulting in feelings of stigma and isolation. In line with the integrity principles emphasized in Levine's model, it is considered that EFT may reduce fatigue by regulating the disrupted energy balance, alleviate levels of hopelessness by supporting personal integrity, and reduce the effects of infertility-related stigma by strengthening social integrity. In this context, this study will be conducted to examine the effects of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), structured in accordance with Levine's Conservation Model, on levels of fatigue, hopelessness, and perceived stigma in women with an experience of unsuccessful IVF treatment. This study will be conducted with 80 women who have experienced unsuccessful IVF treatment and meet the inclusion criteria of the study, including 40 women in the experimental group and 40 women in the control group, at Atatürk University Research Hospital In Vitro Fertilization Center. In the study, pre-test data of women in the experimental and control groups assigned through randomization will be collected using the Participant Information Form, the Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Infertility Stigma Scale. EFT structured in line with Levine's Conservation Model will be applied to the women in the experimental group, while no intervention will be applied to the control group. Post-test data will be collected from women in both the experimental and control groups after the completion of the 4-week EFT sessions. In order to test the effectiveness of EFT over time, repeated measurements will be conducted one month after the last application for each participant, and women in the experimental and control groups will complete the Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Infertility Stigma Scale again. The data of the experimental and control groups, coded as X and Y, will be transferred to a computer environment by an independent statistician, and the data will be analyzed and the findings will be reported.

This study will be conducted as a single-blind, randomized controlled trial with pregnant women who do not want or plan a pregnancy and do not intend to terminate it, and who apply for pregnancy examination at the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic of a training and research hospital in Turkey. Data will be collected at the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic of the Training and Research Hospital in Ağrı between March 2026 and June 2026. The study population will consist of pregnant women aged 18 to 45 who apply to the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic during the specified period, and who have an unwanted or unplanned pregnancy. The sample size was calculated using the GPower computer program. Using power analysis at the α=0.05 level, the effect size was calculated as 150, 153 (d=0.8) and the study power as 90%, indicating that at least 68 pregnant women should be included in the sample. Pregnant women who meet the research criteria and agree to participate in the study will be randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The study will use a pregnancy profile form prepared by the researcher in accordance with the literature, containing socio-demographic data of pregnant women who applied to the Obstetrics and Gynecology outpatient clinic; the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAPS) to determine the pregnant woman's level of self-acceptance; the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to evaluate the symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress; and the Self-Compassion Scale Short Form (SCI-S) to evaluate self-compassion.

This study will compare two different methods of pain management in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). One group will receive a combination of spinal morphine, nerve block, and dexmedetomidine, while the other group will receive a nerve block and dexmedetomidine without spinal morphine. All patients will receive standard pain medications after surgery. The purpose is to see if adding spinal morphine improves pain control and recovery after surgery.