Clinical trials

This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the neurological safety of controlled hypotension (Mean Arterial Pressure 50-65 mmHg) during elective rhinoplasty. The investigators will assess whether this standard intraoperative hypotensive strategy causes cellular stress by measuring serum Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) levels and early postoperative cognitive changes using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test.

This randomized controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the effects of topical triamcinolone acetonide application on wound healing and patient-reported outcomes at the palatal donor site following free gingival graft (FGG) surgery. A total of 55 patients with mucogingival deficiencies requiring FGG will be randomly assigned to either a control group receiving a collagen membrane or a test group receiving topical triamcinolone acetonide at the donor site. All palatal donor areas will be protected with a periodontal dressing. Clinical assessments will be performed on postoperative days 3, 7, 14, and 30. Wound epithelialization will be evaluated using the hydrogen peroxide bubbling test, while wound healing and scar formation will be assessed using the Landry, Turnbull, and Howley index and the modified Manchester Scar Scale, respectively. Patient-centered outcomes, including postoperative pain, discomfort, analgesic consumption, and oral health-related quality of life, will be assessed using visual analog scales and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the potential benefits of topical corticosteroid use in reducing palatal donor site morbidity following FGG surgery.

Menstruation after menarche is a multidimensional experience affecting adolescents' quality of life, school attendance, and psychological adjustment. Educational and awareness-based interventions improve menstrual knowledge, attitudes, and coping behaviors; however, randomized controlled trials evaluating hybrid body awareness-based interventions are limited. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a hybrid body awareness-based intervention on menstrual symptoms, menstrual attitudes, and self-regulation levels in post-menarche adolescent girls.

This prospective longitudinal study will be conducted in patients diagnosed with Sjögren's disease who are followed at the rheumatology outpatient clinic of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University Medical Faculty Hospital. Demographic and clinical data will be collected from routine clinical assessments and medical records, including laboratory results obtained during standard care. Participants will undergo evaluation of pressure pain threshold using a digital algometer and complete validated questionnaires assessing fatigue, disease activity, patient-reported symptoms, anxiety and depression, pain catastrophizing, sleep quality, and physical activity level. All assessments will be performed at baseline and repeated at follow-up visits approximately 3 months later.

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of structured sexual health education for immigrant women on their levels of sexual health self-efficacy and reproductive autonomy using a randomized controlled design.

This randomized controlled trial aims to examine the effects of structured breastfeeding education supported by midwives on the sucking skills of infants experiencing nipple refusal, maternal breastfeeding motivation, and mother-infant bonding. The study will be conducted with mothers who have infants aged 1-6 months and have been experiencing nipple refusal for at least 3 days and up to 30 days. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group; the intervention group will receive a one-week structured breastfeeding education program, while the control group will receive standard care. Following the education, online support will be provided for 15 days, and breastfeeding observations will be monitored. Sucking skills of the infants, mother-infant bonding, and maternal breastfeeding motivation will be assessed at both baseline and post-intervention evaluations.

This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of the World Health Organization-based intrapartum care model on labour pain, labour comfort, childbirth satisfaction, and postpartum depression. The intrapartum care model emphasizes woman-centred, respectful, and supportive care throughout labour, promoting continuous support, effective communication, and active involvement of women in decision-making processes. Although this approach has been associated with improved labour experiences, including reduced pain, increased comfort and satisfaction, evidence from randomized controlled trials evaluating these outcomes together with postpartum depression in a comprehensive framework remains limited. This study seeks to provide high-quality evidence on the impact of the intrapartum care model on maternal childbirth experience and postpartum mental health.

The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial is to evaluate the effects of conventional free gingival graft (FGG) and modified free gingival graft (ModFGG) techniques on soft tissue thickness, volumetric change, and creeping attachment in mandibular incisors using three-dimensional direct digital analysis. The study will include a total of 34 systemically healthy, non-smoking individuals with localized Cairo Class II gingival recession. Participants will be randomly assigned to the FGG (control) and ModFGG (test) groups. Clinical measurements will be performed before surgery and at 1, 3, and 6 months post-surgery. Soft tissue thickness and volumetric changes will be analyzed three-dimensionally by overlaying digital models obtained with an intraoral scanner. Gingival recession depth, keratinized tissue height, and creeping attachment will also be assessed. The aim is to provide clinical evidence regarding the effects of the modified free gingival graft technique on soft tissue stability and volumetric gains.

While social media offers opportunities for connection and self-expression, it also brings significant challenges, particularly social media addiction, characterized by excessive and uncontrolled use. Although not officially recognized as a diagnostic category, its inclusion among behavioral addictions reflects its growing impact on mental health. Social media addiction may lead to psychological symptoms such as family and social conflicts, stress due to unmet responsibilities, anxiety, and irritability. This problem has become especially critical among young people. A 2025 meta-analysis found the prevalence of social media addiction among university students to be 18.4% and reported negative effects on academic achievement. Research also shows that social media addiction is associated with decreased self-esteem, emotion regulation difficulties, and dysfunctional interpersonal relationships. Social comparison tendencies and idealized digital identity presentations further harm young individuals' self-perceptions, contributing to low self-esteem and social anxiety. Interpersonal difficulties experienced in relationships are defined as "interpersonal problems," while the cognitive-behavioral processes used to resolve these difficulties are called "interpersonal problem solving." These skills are essential for effective conflict resolution, social adaptation, relationship quality, and overall well-being. Social media shapes both the emergence and resolution of interpersonal problems; however, current knowledge in this area is limited. Excessive use contributes to interpersonal conflicts, deterioration of relationships, and reduced face-to-face communication. Thus, social media addiction may impair interpersonal problem-solving skills by disrupting daily functioning. Although the literature includes correlational studies on social media addiction, self-esteem, and interpersonal functioning, research testing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-based psychoeducation remains scarce. This study offers a theoretical contribution by applying a third-wave therapy approach to the psychosocial challenges of the digital age. It aims to evaluate the effects of an ACT-based psychoeducation program developed for young individuals with social media addiction on self-esteem and interpersonal problem-solving skills. Given the limited number of such programs in Türkiye, this study is original and aims to fill an important gap in the literature.

The proprioception refers to a person's awareness of the position, velocity, and weight of any body part in space. Proprioception consists of joint position sense and joint movement sense.Proprioception arises from the coordination of many different receptors, and it is assumed that these receptors are concentrated in muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and ligaments. Examples of proprioceptors include the golgi tendon organ, muscle spindles, pacinian corpuscles, and free nerve endings. Proprioceptive sense is closely related to many movements performed to perform daily activities. Proprioceptive sense is considered one of the most important resources in the development of task-specific neuroplasticity.The healthcare sector comprises individuals from many professional groups. Each professional group reaches professional competence by undergoing specific educational and training stages. Physiotherapists are one of these professional groups. To fulfill their professional duties, physiotherapists are expected to possess core competencies such as patient assessment using various manual methods, clinical decision-making, technical, communication, and therapeutic skills. Furthermore, a key difference distinguishing physiotherapists from other professions is their extensive manual contact with patients during assessment and treatment programs. Members of this professional group receive various training programs in manual therapy methods during their undergraduate studies. They undergo various qualifications that develop their manual skills and conduct assessment, treatment, and rehabilitation using various manual methods throughout their professional careers. The hand, with its complex structure, is one of the most prominent parts of the human body. Despite accounting for 0.6% of body weight and 2% of body surface area, the hand accounts for over 20% of the motor and sensory homunculus, demonstrating the importance and complexity of the hand's functional structure. The hand's ability to perform these complex skills depends not only on motor ability but also on two excellent sensory systems: proprioception and the sense of touch.It is thought that upper extremity proprioceptive sense and manual dexterity may vary among healthcare professionals. The literature primarily focuses on studies evaluating the proprioceptive sense and manual dexterity of dentists. However, it is noteworthy that studies have not compared the differences in proprioceptive sense and manual dexterity among healthcare professionals. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare proprioceptive sense and manual dexterity between physiotherapists and other healthcare professionals.

Mobility is a fundamental element of healthy aging. Balance is a necessary function during mobility for all movements throughout life in elderly individuals. Falls due to balance disorders in elderly individuals cause a decrease in the quality of life. Studies in the literature indicate that 13% of individuals aged 65-69 experience falls, and this rate rises to 46% in individuals over 85. Lower extremity muscle volume and strength gradually decrease with aging. This decreased muscle strength directly impacts individuals' activities of daily living.Normal walking speed for elderly individuals is related to balance and overall health performance. However, walking assessments generally focus on walking activities in a forward direction and in a straight line. However, in daily life, we may need to sit on a chair, walk backward to navigate a narrow space, or change direction suddenly due to obstacles or environmental cues. Walking backward requires more complex motor control, and these gait training programs are known to be effective in improving balance and walking skills.Clinically, balance assessments in the elderly persons are commonly measured by using the TUG, 10-meter walk test, functional reach test, 4-square step test, and Berg balance scale. The methods used to assess balance are still not fully standardized. The best test for assessing dynamic balance and fall risk is still up for debate, especially when it comes to elderly individuals who live freely in the community. Further research is needed to determine whether lateral walking tests can identify those at high risk of falling in elderly adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability, validity, and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the Figure-of-8 backward walking test in healthy elderly adults.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and clinically by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, and/or rigidity. Among the motor deficits frequently observed in PD, patients are known to frequently report difficulties with manual dexterity. Many upper extremity and manual dexterity deficits are present in PD. Motor imagery (MI) is the imaginal execution of motor activities or the activation of specific muscles in the absence of any explicit feedback. This area of rehabilitation has been shown to be effective in improving and developing motor skills in many neurological conditions where patients exhibit motor recognition and execution impairments. MI can be applied at all stages of recovery from PD, is highly effective in movement-related pathologies, and can be performed independently.There is sufficient evidence that MI improves motor performance and learning in individuals with neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury. The study was designed to investigate the immediate effects of mental imagery, which is thought to be effective in controlling difficulties in planning and initiating movements in PD, on upper extremity skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of mental imagery on upper extremity skills in PD.

Infertility treatment is a long and challenging process. Women who become pregnant after this process may experience stress, anxiety and intense concerns about the baby's health alongside their happiness. These feelings can negatively affect the mother's adjustment to pregnancy and her psychological well-being. This study was designed to examine the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) programme, administered to women who became pregnant after infertility treatment, on: stress levels during pregnancy, adaptation to pregnancy, and foetal (baby's health-related) anxiety. Pregnant women participating in the study will be divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Women in the experimental group will receive mindfulness-based stress reduction training lasting approximately 4 weeks. This programme includes breathing exercises, meditation, body awareness, self-compassion exercises, and practices aimed at strengthening the mother-baby bond. The control group will not receive any training during this period. Translated with DeepL.com (free version)

This interventional study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on women's knowledge of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), HPV vaccination, and screening. HPV is a major public health concern worldwide and a leading cause of cervical cancer. Although cervical cancer is preventable through vaccination and early screening, HPV awareness among women remains limited in Türkiye. Educational interventions are therefore essential to improve knowledge and promote preventive health behaviors. The study population consists of 110 women attending courses at the Suzan and Abdulhakim Bilgili Public Education Center in Onikişubat, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, between August 2025 and December 2025. No formal sample size calculation was performed. Instead, 80 women who met the inclusion criteria and voluntarily agreed to participate were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (education) or the control group (no education). The HPV education program is delivered in two 1-hour sessions using PowerPoint presentations and informational brochures developed from current literature and reviewed by experts in women's health nursing. Data are collected before and after the educational sessions using a Personal Information Form and the HPV Knowledge Scale (HPV-KS), which measures participants' knowledge about HPV infection, vaccination, and screening. Statistical analyses will be conducted using SPSS 22.0, with descriptive statistics and inferential tests (paired-sample t-test, independent-sample t-test, repeated-measures ANOVA, and non-parametric equivalents) applied as appropriate. A p-value \< 0.05 will be considered statistically significant. It is hypothesized that women receiving HPV education will demonstrate significantly higher post-intervention knowledge scores compared to those in the control group.

High-risk of Infants are defined as one with a history of negative environmental and biological factors that could lead to neuromotor developmental problems. This heterogeneous group encompasses premature babies born at less than 37 weeks, term babies with low birth weight (LBW), or babies with developmental delays due to various causes.Studies have highlighted that individual developmental care, family education, kangaroo care, and early physiotherapy approaches applied to at-risk infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) enhance infant development. However, further research is needed to determine the most effective interventions for infants who are more environmentally at risk and biologically vulnerable. Studies investigating the effectiveness of early intervention methods initiated in the NICU on the motor, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes of premature infants have highlighted that postural control interventions or physiotherapy consisting of developmental care programs implemented in the neonatal period improve motor development in the short term, but parent-implemented motor interventions are more effective in improving infants' cognitive and motor outcomes in the long term.The aim of this study is to examine the effects of family-based early physiotherapy approaches applied to at-risk infants in the NICU on motor, cognitive, language development and developmental outcomes at term age and in the long term (adjusted 3, 6, 9, 12 months).

Medical and technological advances in neonatal care have led to a decrease in neonatal mortality and an increase in the survival of very low birth weight infants, leading to a global increase in the prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP), cardiorespiratory disorders, blindness, cognitive delays, and hearing impairments. Early diagnosis and intervention programs have been established to meet the developmental needs of these at-risk infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The goal of these programs is to facilitate the development of at-risk infants and normalize their motor, cognitive, and sensory development.Research remains unclear about which interventions are more effective when implemented. It is known that early intervention improves motor development in these infants, and that programs that include parents have more positive long-term outcomes for the cognitive and language development of at-risk infants.General Movements (GMs) are spontaneous movements that occur from the fetal period to 18 weeks postterm. Prechtl's General Movements Assessment (GMA) is a reliable tool for functional assessment of the young central nervous system.The assessment of motor repertoire (via the motor optimality score, MOS) describes the quality and quantity of the concurrent motor repertoire recorded during the GM assessment.The revised motor optimality score (MOS-R) has the potential to increase the prediction of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. It is noteworthy that the literature contains limited studies examining the effect of early physiotherapy applied to at-risk infants after NICU discharge on MOS-R. Therefore, the aim of this planned study was to investigate the effect of early family collaborative physiotherapy approaches applied to at-risk infants after NICU discharge on GMs MOS-R. Another aim was to determine the effect of early physiotherapy on neurological examination, cognitive, and language development in infants at 3 and 6 months of age and to compare them with similar peers receiving a routine treatment protocol.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of peer education provided to teenage girls on genital hygiene behaviors and self-care agency. The study was conducted with a randomized controlled design with a pretest-posttest control group. The study was conducted with female students studying at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Technical Sciences Vocational School between October and November 2025. The research population consisted of all female students at the school, and the sample consisted of students who agreed to participate in the study, signed the consent form, and met the inclusion criteria. Data were collected using a "Personal Information Form," a "Genital Hygiene Behaviors Scale," and a "Self-Care Agency Scale." Peer education was administered to the intervention group, while the control group received no training.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, characterized pathologically by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and clinically by the presence of motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, and/or rigidity. Among the motor deficits frequently observed in PD, patients are known to frequently report difficulties with manual dexterity.Typical features of balance deficits in PD include decreased sway, decreased base of support, rigidity, abnormal intersegmental coordination, and postural misalignment. Related somatosensory deficits in PD include problems orienting to and processing sensory and somatosensory information.Motor imagery (MI) is the imaginal execution of motor activities or the activation of specific muscles in the absence of any explicit feedback. This area of rehabilitation has been shown to be effective in improving and developing motor skills in many neurological conditions where patients exhibit motor recognition and execution impairments. MI can be applied at all stages of recovery from PD, is highly effective in movement-related pathologies, and can be performed independently.Studies evaluating the effect of mental imagery training on balance measures in PD are limited. One study evaluating the effect of combined MI-physical therapy versus physical therapy alone group treatment noted positive trends toward balance improvements in the combined group. In a case study of a single participant with PD, a 3-month neurocognitive rehabilitation program incorporating mental imagery over 20 sessions resulted in balance improvements and a reduced risk of falls in both the "OFF" and "ON" phases, as measured by the Tinetti Balance and Gait Assessment Scale.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of motor imagery training on kinesiophobia, walking and balance in patients with Parkinson's disease.

High-risk infants are defined as an infant with a history of adverse environmental and biological factors that may lead to neuromotor developmental problems. This group includes premature babies born at less than 37 weeks, term babies with low birth weight (LBW), or babies with developmental delays due to various reasons. These babies are also monitored for cerebral palsy (CP). CP is the most common physical disability in childhood, with an incidence of 2.1 per 1000 births. CP encompasses a group of permanent impairments in movement and posture development resulting from injury to the developing brain. Thanks to preventive measures and advances in obstetric and neonatal care, the incidence and severity of CP are currently decreasing in some countries, and it is emphasized that recovery can be more rapid with the use of early diagnosis guidelines or protocols in follow-up units. Early detection and monitoring of infants in the community for CP is essential only with appropriate, valid, and reliable tools to minimize potential sequelae through the timely implementation of CP-specific interventions. International guidelines require monitoring of infants at high risk of CP. This follow-up should be conducted by an interdisciplinary team, including a neonatologist, pediatrician, pediatric neurologist, pediatric physiotherapist, speech-language-swallowing therapist, and special education specialist. Pediatric physiotherapists are an important part of this team for developmental follow-up and rehabilitation. The Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HNNE) is a method developed by Dubowitz and used in both clinical and research neurological examinations of preterm and term infants, is the neonatal form of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE). Its use in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is crucial for beginning risk assessment as early as possible. Research has determined the optimality score for this test for term infants evaluated in the first days after birth. Subsequently, the current version of the HNNE was standardized by evaluating low-risk term and high-risk preterm infants (25-34 weeks) at term ages, 6-48 hours after birth.The aim of this study was to develop a Turkish version of the HNNE for high-risk infants in Turkey and determine its validity and reliability. The translated HNNE version, which was found to be valid and reliable in this population, will be suitable for use by all healthcare professionals in Turkey. This study also aimed to determine the predictive value of HNNE at corrected 3-4/6 and 12 months when used in the follow-up of at-risk infants in NICUs in Turkey.The study consists of two phases. The first phase consisted of translating the short version of the survey into Turkish and conducting its cultural adaptation. The second phase involved reliability analysis. The principles of Guillemin et al. and Beaton et al. will be used in the translation and cultural adaptation processes.

The American Academy of Pediatrics defines high-risk infants as those with preterm birth, special health care needs, family risk factors, and those at risk of early death. Factors such as premature birth, perinatal asphyxia, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), chronic lung disease, seizures, meningitis, hyperbilirubinemia, twin/triplet pregnancy, and intrauterine growth restriction are risk factors that can result in morbidity and mortality in infants. Regular neurological examinations and neuromotor tests are necessary for at-risk infants to identify developmental problems early and to initiate early intervention programs.In developing countries, regular follow-up and early rehabilitation of at-risk infants are not successfully implemented. 5,6 The lengthy test batteries and busy clinics are among the most significant reasons. Therefore, the development and dissemination of shorter, valid, and reliable tests is of great importance. The Hammersmith Neonatal Neurological Examination (HINE), one of the gold standard methods, consists of 26 items and takes 15-20 minutes to administer.Due to the number of items and the duration, it is not frequently used routinely. In response to this clinical need, the HINE short scale was developed in 2024.The aim of the study is to have a Turkish version of the Abstract-HINE test in Turkey and to study its validity and reliability in high-risk infants.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of soft lumbosacral body braces on postural control and walking speed in children with cerebral palsy. Hypothesis 1: Soft lumbosacral orthoses that support physiological lordosis in children with cerebral palsy improve postural control. Hypothesis 1: Soft lumbosacral orthoses that support physiological lordosis in children with cerebral palsy correct posture. Hypothesis 2: A soft lumbosacral body corset increases walking speed in children with cerebral palsy. The number of individuals to be included in the study has been determined using G\*Power 3.1.9.7 effect size: 0.80, α = 0.05, power: 0.95. Individuals with CP who attend specific rehabilitation centres in Gaziantep and Kahramanmaraş and have GMFCS levels 1 and 2 will be included in the study. The necessary permissions will be obtained from the centres. The demographic information, clinical levels, and clinical types of the individuals will be recorded using a form. The Postural Control Measurement in Sitting, Paediatric Berg Balance Test, and Functional Reach Test will be used to assess the postural control of children with SP. Walking speed will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go Test. In our study, a lordosis angle will be created to support the existing lordosis using a steel-baleen elastic soft lumbosacral orthosis, and its effect on performance will be investigated using the tests applied. A soft lumbosacral orthosis suitable for the individuals will be used in three dimensions. Half of the individuals will be evaluated using these test methods first with a corset and then without a corset; the other half will be evaluated first without a corset and then with a corset. Tests will be repeated before and after orthosis use to determine the effectiveness of the orthosis.

Aim: This study will aim to evaluate the effect of mindfulness-based sexual counseling on body appreciation, sexual distress, and sexual self-confidence in postpartum women with episiotomy. Method: This randomized controlled experimental study will include participants assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group will receive a four-week mindfulness-based sexual counseling program consisting of eight sessions, while the control group will receive routine care. Body Appreciation, Sexual Distress, and Sexual Self-Confidence scales will be administered as pre- and post-tests.

This study aims to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the MyotonPRO, a handheld device that measures the viscoelastic properties of the skin, in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema. Twenty women with unilateral upper extremity lymphedema will be included. Each participant will undergo repeated skin assessments using the MyotonPRO by two independent raters. Additionally, ultrasonographic tissue characteristics and limb volume measurements will be performed. The findings are expected to contribute to the validation of the MyotonPRO for use in clinical lymphedema evaluation.

This randomized controlled study aims to compare the effectiveness of video-based and model-based training methods in improving Leopold maneuver skills among second-year midwifery students. The study will be conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University. Eligible students will be randomly assigned into three groups: video-supported training, model-supported training, and control. All participants will first receive a 2-hour theoretical training session. Then, the video group will watch an instructional video, the model group will perform hands-on practice using anatomical models, and the control group will receive no additional intervention. Skill acquisition will be evaluated through practical assessments conducted a few days and two months after training. At the end of the study, compensatory training will be provided to all groups to ensure educational equity. Data collection tools include a psychomotor skills assessment form, a student satisfaction scale, and the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory. Statistical analyses will be performed using SPSS software.

Postoperative pain is a significant problem in patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery. This situation disrupts the patient's comfort and affects the functional outcome after surgery by preventing early rehabilitation. Various methods are used for postoperative pain control. Intravenous opioid agents are one of the most commonly used analgesic techniques. However, opioids can cause undesirable side effects such as respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, allergic reactions, nausea, and vomiting. Therefore, alternative techniques are needed to reduce opioid use. Serratus posterior superior interfascial plane block (SPSIPB) is a novel interfascial plane block described by Tulgar et al in 2023. It is based on injection into the serratus posterior superior muscle at the level of the 2nd or 3rd rib. This block provides analgesia in cases such as interscapular pain, chronic myofascial pain syndromes, scapulocostal syndrome, and shoulder pain. It has been reported that SPSIPB provides effective shoulder analgesia.