Infant, Newborn

The NICHD Neonatal Research Network's Follow-Up study is a multi-center cohort in which surviving extremely low birth-weight infants born in participating network centers receive neurodevelopmental, neurosensory and functional assessments at 22-26 months corrected age (Infants born prior to July 1, 2012 were seen at 18-22 months corrected age). Data regarding pregnancy and neonatal outcome are collected prospectively. The goal is to identify potential maternal and neonatal risk factors that may affect infant neurodevelopment.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether intranasal fentanyl (a pain medicine given as a nasal spray) can reduce pain and is safe to use during routine eye examinations for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in preterm infants. ROP is an eye condition that can affect babies born too early and requires regular eye examinations. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Does intranasal fentanyl lower pain during ROP screening? Is intranasal fentanyl safe for preterm infants? Researchers will compare intranasal fentanyl with a placebo (a saltwater spray that contains no medicine) to determine whether the medicine lowers pain during ROP screening. Participants will receive either intranasal fentanyl or placebo before their routine ROP eye examination, in addition to the standard comfort measures normally used during the procedure. Researchers will measure participants' pain and monitor their heart rate, oxygen levels, and any side effects during and after the examination.

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate whether administering a probiotic (Infloran®) to infants who received antibiotics in the first 28 days of life can restore or enhance their immune response to routine vaccines. Antibiotic use in the first weeks of life can lower the levels of beneficial gut bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, which play a key role in immune function. As a result, infants treated with antibiotics may produce fewer antibodies after routine vaccinations, leaving them less protected against infections. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Does treatment with the probiotic Infloran® improve the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of anticapsular antibodies against at least 11 serotypes included in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) in serum samples collected at 6 months of age compared with placebo in infants treated with antibiotics in the neonatal period? * Does treatment with the probiotic Infloran® improve the GMCs for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20) at 12 months of age compared with placebo in infants treated with antibiotics in the neonatal period? * Does treatment with the probiotic Infloran® improve the GMCs of other routine childhood vaccines at 6 and 12 months of age compared with placebo in infants treated with antibiotics in the neonatal period? * Does treatment with the probiotic Infloran® increase the proportion of infants achieving seroprotective antibody levels for pneumococcal antigens compared to placebo in infants treated with antibiotics in the neonatal period? * What are the differences in antigen specific T cell responses, flow cytometry, blood transcriptomics, and gut microbiota composition in the probiotic (Infloran®) vs placebo groups in infants treated with antibiotics in the neonatal period? Researchers will compare infants who receive Infloran® (a probiotic containing Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidphilus) with those who receive a placebo (which contains the same excipients as Infloran® but does not contain any bacterial strains). Participants will: * Be randomly assigned to receive either a 14-day course of probiotic Infloran® or a placebo. * Provide blood samples (3-5 mL) at 6 weeks, 6.5 weeks (optional blood-draw for exploratory endpoint), 6 months and 12 months of age. * Provide stool samples at four timepoints: prior to starting the intervention (probiotic/placebo), on day 7, on day 14 after completion of the study supplement, and prior to their first vaccination at 6 weeks of age. * Receive routine vaccinations at 6 weeks, 4 months and 6 months in line with the National Immunisation Program * Complete surveys to collect information regarding probiotic/placebo administration and vaccination related side effects This study aims to recruit 360 infants to assess whether this probiotic treatment following antibiotic exposure improves the immunogenicity of vaccinations. The information from this study will improve our understanding of how probiotic intervention can support optimal immune responses to vaccination in early life. The findings could potentially influence public health strategies, offering a new way to support optimal vaccine responses in antibiotic-treated infants.

Congenital syphilis in newborns requires intravenous antibiotic therapy, making reliable peripheral venous access essential. However, high rates of catheter failure and repeated punctures remain a significant clinical challenge. This randomized, controlled, parallel clinical trial aims to compare ultrasound-guided long peripheral intravenous catheters inserted by a specialized vascular access team with conventional short peripheral catheters inserted by neonatal nurses. A total of 104 newborns with congenital syphilis receiving intravenous penicillin will be randomly assigned to either group. The primary outcome is functional dwell time. Secondary outcomes include catheter failure, number of insertion attempts, first-attempt success, complications, and total number of devices required. The study hypothesizes that ultrasound-guided long peripheral catheters will improve vascular access outcomes, reduce complications, and minimize the need for repeated punctures.

Many newborn babies have difficulty breathing. When babies need a lot of help, a doctor will intubate them - i.e. put a tube into their windpipe (trachea) - so that they can be given support with a breathing machine. Intubation is a difficult procedure, during which many babies have falls in their blood oxygen levels and heart rate. When doctors intubate babies, they use a device called a laryngoscope to identify the entrance to the windpipe. A standard laryngoscope has a light at its tip. When doctors use this device, they insert it into the baby's mouth and then look directly into the mouth to find the entrance (direct laryngoscopy). Less than half of first attempts to insert a tube are successful using this device. More recently, video laryngoscopes have been developed. These devices also have a camera at the tip and display a magnified view of the entrance to the windpipe on a screen. A study at one hospital showed that the doctors there inserted the tube at the first attempt more often when they used a video laryngoscope instead of a standard laryngoscope. This study was not large enough to see whether fewer babies had low oxygen levels or heart rate during the procedure. The goal of this clinical trial is to see whether more newborn babies are intubated at the first attempt without falls in their blood oxygen levels or heart rate when the doctors use video laryngoscopy compared to direct laryngoscopy. Hospitals where doctors routinely intubate babies by looking directly into the mouth will take part in the NEU-VODE study. From the start of the study, the doctors at each hospital will continue with their usual approach to intubation and collect information about intubation attempts. As the study progresses, the doctors at each participating hospital will switch one--by-one to routinely attempting intubation with a video laryngoscope. The date on which they switch will be determined by chance. By the end of the study, each hospital will have had a study period where babies were routinely intubated using direct laryngoscopy and video laryngoscopy. At the end of the study, the information collected from all the babies intubated during the study will be compared to see if more babies were successfully intubated at the first attempt without falls in their blood oxygen levels or heart rate in the video laryngoscopy group.

Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke, whether from active maternal smoking or secondhand exposure, has been associated with adverse neonatal adaptation, metabolic stress, and impaired fetal oxygenation. This single-center prospective observational cohort study will quantify prenatal tobacco exposure using cord blood cotinine measured at delivery and examine its association with early neonatal biochemical, metabolic, and physiologic outcomes. Participants will consist of mother-newborn dyads recruited consecutively at a tertiary academic hospital. After informed consent, cord blood obtained at delivery will be used for cotinine measurement. Based on pre-specified cotinine thresholds and maternal smoking history, newborns will be classified into three exposure groups: active exposure, passive exposure, or no exposure. No experimental intervention will be administered, and neonatal assessments will be based on routine perinatal and postnatal care. Neonatal data collected will include umbilical cord blood gas parameters (pH, pCO2, pO2, base excess, bicarbonate, and lactate), fetal carboxyhemoglobin (FCOHb), birthweight and anthropometric measurements, Apgar scores, oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and routine laboratory indices obtained during the first postnatal day. These laboratory measures may include complete blood count parameters, inflammatory and hematologic ratios such as NLR and PLR, metabolic markers including albumin and lactate-to-albumin ratio, lipid parameters such as HDL and LDL, thyroid-stimulating hormone from the standard newborn screening program, and hearing screening results. Early follow-up data, including postnatal weight loss and bilirubin measurements at routine visits, will also be recorded where available. Maternal and perinatal covariates, including maternal age, parity, gestational age, delivery mode, intrapartum factors, smoking history, and relevant maternal comorbidities, will be collected to support adjusted analyses. The primary objective is to determine whether higher cord blood cotinine-defined exposure is associated with greater metabolic stress and impaired fetal oxygenation at birth, particularly as reflected by cord lactate, related blood gas parameters, and FCOHb. Secondary objectives include evaluating associations with early neonatal hematologic, metabolic, endocrine, and clinical indices, including birthweight, blood pressure, bilirubin levels, thyroid screening results, and hearing screening outcomes. The study will recruit consecutive eligible dyads in a prospective manner. Statistical analyses will follow a pre-specified plan and will include multivariable regression models to adjust for potential confounding factors. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including analyses by delivery mode and other clinically relevant strata, will be performed when feasible. This study is designed to provide prospectively collected, biochemically verified evidence on how prenatal tobacco exposure, classified by cord blood cotinine, relates to immediate neonatal metabolic, hematologic, and physiologic outcomes using measurements that are feasible within routine clinical care.

The Generic Database (GDB) is a registry of very low birth weight infants born alive in NICHD Neonatal Research Network (NRN) centers. The GDB collects observational baseline data on both mothers and infants, and the therapies used and outcomes of the infants. The information collected is not specific to a disease or treatment (i.e., it is "generic"). Data are analyzed to find associations and trends between baseline information, treatments, and infant outcome, and to develop future NRN trials.

This randomized controlled trial aims to examine the effects of Gentle Human Touch applied by fathers during the first hours of life on sucking performance, comfort level, and blood glucose values in newborns at risk for hypoglycemia. Eligible newborns will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. After the newborn is taken to the baby care room and routine care procedures are completed, comfort level will be assessed by the primary nurse and an independent second observer using the Neonatal Comfort and Behavior Scale (NCBS). In the intervention group, the first Gentle Human Touch application will begin after routine care and the initial comfort assessment are completed. Sucking performance will be assessed during the first breastfeeding session by the primary nurse and an independent observer using the LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Tool. In the intervention group, fathers will administer 15-minute Gentle Human Touch sessions every hour for six hours according to a structured protocol. In the control group, routine care will be provided without any additional touch. In both the intervention and control groups, blood glucose levels will be measured at the 2nd hour according to clinical protocols. At the 6th hour, the newborn's comfort level (NCBS), sucking performance (LATCH), and blood glucose level will be reassessed and recorded. This study aims to determine whether early paternal touch supports glucose stability, improves sucking performance, and enhances comfort in newborns at risk for hypoglycemia, and to contribute to the development of family-centered, non-invasive care practices in neonatal settings.

This is a hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation parallel cluster randomized superiority trial designed to compare two strategies to promote early supraglottic airway (SA) rescue during neonatal resuscitation, with a focus on implementation outcomes.

Early childhood is a critical period, laying the foundation for future growth and deveopment. This foundational period has an outsized effect, impacting health, well-being and achievement across one's lifespan. The U.S. lacks a cohesive early childhood system to support families with young children ages 0-5. The goal of this randomized controlled trial(RCT) is to test if community-based support via community health workers(CHWs) improves social and health services utilization, and child development. Furthermore, the trial will examine if income support enhances the impact of a CHW integrated system. Participants are English and Spanish speaking families with healthy newborns. This RCT was designed based on family priorities, community capacity and needs in a collective impact model. This trial is anchored at a university based children's hospital and involves many partners: families, county health, county leadership, a leading early childhood non-profit organization, the county's Medicaid managed care organization.

The goal of this clinical trial is to test the ability of different bacterial products in restoring natural gut microbiota in C-section born infants. The main question it aims to answer is: Do maternally derived strains of bacteria perform better than commercially available probiotic strains in restoring the gut microbiota of C-section born infants? Researchers will compare the gut microbiota of treated infants to that of untreated C-section born infants and untreated vaginally born infants to see if the bacterial treatments cause the microbiota to resemble that of vaginally born infants. Participants will be given a bacterial product orally once daily for either one or four weeks and be asked to collect faecal, urine and saliva samples.

In this study, investigators aim to study in detail the physical (including nutritional and pulmonary) and mental health of females with cystic fibrosis (CF) planning a pregnancy, during pregnancy, and in the early parenthood period. Additionally the health of offspring in infancy and early life will be studied to understand if further screening investigations or clinical care models should be part of clinical guidelines

Lung ultrasound is an increasingly valuable diagnostic tool in neonatal intensive care due to its safety and accessability. This pilot study investigates whether a quantitative approach - the heterogeneity index, previously only used in fetal lung assessment - can enhance the diagnostic accuracy of neonatologist-performed lung ultrasound (NPLUS). The index will be calculated from raw ultrasound images of preterm and term neonates and compared with conventional lung ultrasound scores to evaluate its clinical relevance.

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare two different forms of postnatal care to find out which is most beneficial for mothers and their children after birth and with which they are most satisfied. One is a nurse-led, seperate model of care and the other is a midwife-led, integrative model of care. Participants are healthy women between the ages of 18 and 50. They gave birth between 36+0 and 42+0 weeks of pregnancy and had a child. The type of birth is not an inclusion or exclusion criteria. Our hypotheses are: i) that maternal satisfaction with care in a midwife-led, integrative care model is higher than in separate maternal and infant care; ii) that a positive postpartum experience leads to earlier and increased maternity competence; iii) that a higher breastfeeding rate at the time of the survey in the fourth month can be achieved through integrative care. Participants will be randomly assigned, after birth of their child, to either the group cared for by a nurse or the group cared for by a midwife.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) convened the multi-center Delivery Room Intervention and Evaluation (DRIVE) Network to establish essential infrastructure to collect, coordinate, and analyze core demographic, resuscitative, and outcome data for an inclusive and diverse population of infants who receive delivery room resuscitation at participating centers. The DRIVE Network consists of delivery hospitals across the United States, covering a range of geographic, urban/rural, racial/ethnic diversity across the country. Together, DRIVE seeks to compare practice-level delivery system characteristics, identify best practices, evaluate outcomes from various interventions, and promote professional development through dissemination via the wide reach of the Neonatal Resuscitation Program.

In this prospective controlled study, it was aimed to examine the effects of half swaddling in term infants on infant sleep routine, maternal sleep quality and postpartum depression.