Propofol

We hypothesized that in patients undergoing elective hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery, the group in which anesthesia is induced and maintained with remimazolam during surgery would maintain hemodynamic stability and reduce the incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury compared to propofol. The purpose is to provide practical evidence for perioperative management differentiated from other surgeries for hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery patients for whom intraoperative fluid therapy is restricted.

Remifentanil is commonly used as an opioid during general anesthesia. In recent years, several pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models for target-controlled infusion (TCI) have been developed, with the Eleveld model being one of the most recent and designed for broad applicability. The aim of this study is to compare the Eleveld TCI model with the routinely used Minto model, in order to evaluate potential differences in the predicted effect-site concentrations (CeR) required to achieve equivalent analgesia levels, as measured by qNOX (CONOX monitor) and the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI). Post-Tetanic Count (PTC) was also assessed during the maintenance phase to investigate possible differences in nociceptive index responses between the two TCI models.

The pharmacokinetic profile of various drugs is altered in obese patients especially those administered by the intravenous route. Propofol is the commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia as part of total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) regimen. A major concern with propofol dosing based on total body weight (TBW) in obese patients is disproportionate drug administration leading to undue drug accumulation in body with a potential to overdosing, delayed recovery from anaesthesia, and adverse hemodynamic outcome. Studies on propofol dosing based on various weight scalars have recommended that lean body weight (LBW) should be used for calculating bolus dose during anaesthesia induction and TBW or adjusted body weight (ABW) for arriving at an infusion dose required for maintenance of anesthesia. Although propofol delivery based on dose calculated by TBW has been well researched the evidence for propofol delivery based on dose calculated by ABW is lacking. Recent advance in the delivery of propofol has been the development of computer controlled anaesthesia delivery systems. These devices deliver propofol based on patient's frontal cortex electrical activity as determined by bispectral index (BIS). Evaluation of anaesthesia delivery by these systems has shown that they deliver propofol and maintain depth of anaesthesia with far more precision as compared to manual administration. One such indigenously developed computer controlled anaesthesia delivery system is the closed loop anesthesia delivery system (CLADS). CLADS functions on control of processed EEG response parameter captured from anesthetized patients with the help of a BIS- monitor, which is continuously fed into an automated drug infusion pump. The infusion pump then accordingly delivers the anesthetic drug to the patients based on pharmacodynamic requirements. The investigators plan to evaluate the propofol maintenance dose requirement based on TBW versus ABW using CLADS for propofol delivery.

The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to compare the safety and efficacy of induction agents for tracheal intubation in critically ill adult patients.

In this study, the investigators want to find out whether robot-assisted bronchoscopy also works with moderate sedation (Propofol), as is already used in standard bronchoscopies. The study is being conducted as a pilot study. This means that it is an initial test run for a scientific investigation. The investigators are testing on a small scale whether the intervention works as predicted before a larger study is conducted.

This study will be conducted to evaluate the effects of different anesthetic modalities \[sevoflurane with or without intraoperative lidocaine infusion and Propofol total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA)\] on intracranial pressure (ICP) and cerebral oxygenation assessed by non-invasive methods during laparoscopic hysterectomy (LH).

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the Ciprofol and Propofol Under IoC1 and IoC2 Monitoring for Adenotonsillectomy Participants will be randomly allocated to two groups: Ciprofol group (Group C) and Propofol group (Group P). For those in Group C: they will be given ciprofol during anesthesia induction and maintenance .For those in Group P: they will be pgiven ciprofol during anesthesia induction and maintenanc This study evaluates ciprofol versus propofol under IoC1/IoC2 guidance in pediatric T\&A, providing evidence for ciprofol's efficacy and safety in pediatric anesthesia.

The goal of this clinical trial is to compare the effect of sevoflurane and propofol on analgesia nociception index(ANI) in patients undergoing general anesthesia. The main question it aims to answer is whether propofol anesthesia results in lesser ANI change to a nociceptive stimulation compared to sevoflurane.

Intensive care medicine is vital in managing patients after cardiac surgery with endotracheal intubation，in order to provide extensive monitoring to assure clinical stabilization. During this time of recovery, sedation is frequently employed. However, prolonged sedation risks negative sequelae.At present,propofol, benzodiazepines, and dexmedetomidine are typical drugs used for sedation of patients in intensive care unit.Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.The investigators try to find near-ideal agents for sedation,characterized by good sedative effect,minimal adverse effects and rapid awakening facilitating earlier extubation.Remimazolam appeared to be an effective and safe sedative for short term sedation. Study participants were predicated on age (\> 18 years), admission following cardiac surgery, still mechanical ventilation within 48 hours,and prior informed consent.Participants were randomized to receive remimazolam besylate or propofol in a 1:1 ratio for sedation with a target sedation depth before extubation.Finally，the investigators will compare the sedation effect and safety between the 2 groups ，to prove if remimazolam is appropriate for sedation in patients after cardiac surgery in intensive care unit.

This study want to observe the effects of remimazolam and propofol for general anesthesia on postoperative rhythm and cognitive function. The observation group was given remimazolam for general anesthesia, and the control group was given propofol for general anesthesia. Both drugs are commonly used as intravenous anesthetics for general anesthesia and have been shown to be safe for use in general anesthesia. The investigators hope can understand the effects of remimazolam and propofol for general anesthesia on rhythm status and cognitive function through this study, further reduce the occurrence of postoperative cognitive function impairment, and enable subjects to better recover.

Perioperative anesthesia can affect postoperative cognitive function. In our previous study, intraoperative dexmedetomidine (Dex) infusion reduced the incidence of delirium within the first 5 days after brain tumor. However, the mechanism is still unclear. With the development of neuroimaging, multimodal neuroimaging technology provide a new method to explore the underlying mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the alterations of brain network under sedation and anesthesia by different anesthetics in patients with supratentorial glioma and their association with cognition.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if virtual reality can reduce propofol requirements in adult, female patients undergoing elective breast surgery under regional anesthesia. The main question it aims to answer is: Can virtual reality immersion reduce intra-operative propofol requirements in adult female patients undergoing elective breast surgery under regional anesthesia? Researchers will compare time and weight-adjusted average propofol requirements in both the intervention group and the control group to see if there is a reduction in sedative usage in the group using the virtual reality device. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a virtual reality (intervention) group or a control group. * The patients in the virtual reality group will have a virtual reality headset on during the surgery with a preselected scenario of their choice. * Both groups will have access to patient-controlled sedation under the supervision of an anesthesiologist and will be permitted to self-administer propofol boluses as needed.

The objective of this study was to compare safety, satisfaction, and efficiency outcomes of propofol versus propofol with clonidine in patients undergoing colonoscopy.