Refractory Epilepsy

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if cannabidiol ("CBD-oil") works to treat severe epilepsy in children. It will also learn about the safety of cannabidiol. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does cannabidiol lower the number of seizure in children with severe epilepsy? * Does cannabidiol effect other outcomes such as behaviour, sleep, communication, activities? * What medical problems do participants have when taking cannabidiol? Researchers will compare cannabidiol to a placebo (a look-alike oil that contains no cannabidiol) to see if drug cannabidiol works to treat severe epilepsy. All participants will receive both the cannabidiol and the placebo during different periods. At the end of the trial, we will evaluate for each patient seperately, whether seizures were less or more frequent during cannabidiol periods or placebo periods, to see what works best for every patient seperately. Participants will: * Register their seizures in a digital application during 4 to 6 periods. During these periods, CBD oil of placebo will be provided * Take CBD oil during 2 to 3 periods. One period will last around 7 weeks. * Also take placebo oil during the other 2 to 3 periods * Have a blood test every 7 weeks to monitor for safety and possible adverse effects * Visit the clinic once every 15 weeks for checkups and tests * Fill in questionnaires about quality of life, functioning, sleep, behaviour, epilepsy severity every 7 weeks.

This is a prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blinded randomized study of self-administered auditory intervention in a naturalistic home environment.

This is a multi-site registry study that aims to collect real-world clinical outcomes and device performance of the OneRF Ablation System. The study focuses on patients with refractory epilepsy who undergo, or are being considered for, sEEG-guided RF ablation using the OneRF Ablation System, as part of routine seizure diagnosis and treatment.

The prospective study aims to characterize the network-specific modulatory effects of piriform cortex stimulation in patients undergoing stereotactic EEG for drug-resistant epilepsy. Using multimodal data, it seeks to link stimulation-evoked electrophysiological responses across brain networks with clinical outcomes, to inform targeted neuromodulation therapies.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat epilepsy in cases where patients are medically refractory and are not candidates for surgical resection. This therapy has been shown to be effective in seizure reduction, yet very few patients achieve the ultimate goal of seizure freedom. Implantable neural stimulators (INSs) have many parameters that may be adjusted, and could be tuned to achieve very patient specific therapies. This study will develop a platform for stimulation setting optimization based on power spectral density (PSD) measures.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an adjunctive treatment for refractory epilepsy. Although widely used, there is still a substantial number of patients with insufficient response. Light, and particularly blue light, can stimulate alertness, attention and cognition through modulation of anatomical targets which are common to the vagal afferent network. This project aims at understanding how exposure to blue enriched light may influence VNS effects in patients with refractory epilepsy by exploring the modulation of a series of biomarkers of VNS action. This could possibly lead to new therapeutic strategies to increase efficacy of VNS.

Ketamine is a medication that came into clinical practice in the 1960's. Ketamine is used as an anesthetic and to provide pain relief. Recently, Ketamine was approved to treat drug resistant depression using subanesthetic doses. In the hospital setting, intravenous anesthetic dosages are used to treat unrelenting seizures known as status epilepticus in comatose patients. Ketamine in subanesthetic doses has not been tried as a treatment for medication resistant seizures in the outpatient setting. This study would like to examine the effectiveness of subanesthetic ketamine in outpatients who suffer from drug resistant epilepsy.

This study aims to collect electrophysiological and clinical data from patients aged 14-65 with drug-resistant epilepsy who underwent SEEG. The collected data will be analyzed to investigate the functional connectivity during wakefulness and sleep states.

The main objective of MAPCOG\_SEEG is to create a database including brain recordings of cognition performed in clinical routine in patients during the pre-surgical SEEG assessment. This aims to be able to propose the first atlas of human cognition with a high temporal and spatial resolution.

To observe the clinical effect and safety of transcranial electrical stimulation on patients with refractory epilepsy before and after treatment and analyze its therapeutic mechanism.