Clinical trials

Aim of the Study This study aims to evaluate the effect of an animated video and educational booklet developed to inform Palestinian women aged 40-69 about breast cancer and screening programs on their level of knowledge about breast cancer and screening methods. The breast cancer screening program in Palestine includes monthly self-examination, clinical breast examination, and mammography. This study will be conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the animated video and educational booklet will be developed, and in the second phase, the level of knowledge and participation in screening programs will be evaluated after the educational intervention. Type of research: This is a randomized controlled experimental study. The study will be conducted with two intervention groups. Women who receive education through the animated video will form Intervention Group I, while women who receive education through the educational booklet will form Intervention Group II. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in increasing the knowledge of women who received education through an animated video and an educational booklet about breast cancer, performing self-breast examinations, undergoing clinical breast examinations, and participating in breast cancer screening programs that include mammograms. This study will be conducted on Palestinian women and will target women with different levels of education. This study is based on a randomized controlled trial design and will compare the pre-, interim, and post-test results for women in both groups (animation video group and educational booklet group) in terms of breast cancer, breast cancer screening program information, and behavior change. It will be evaluated whether animation videos or educational booklets are more effective in increasing knowledge and behavior. Location and Timing of the Study: The study will be conducted in the West Bank of Palestine between September 2025 and December 2026. Research Population and Sample: The research population will consist of women aged 40-69 living in the West Bank of Palestine. Since this study was designed as a randomized controlled trial, a power analysis was conducted to determine the number of participants to be included in each group. In this context, the G\*Power (3.1.19.7) program was used to calculate the sample size. Using Cohen's standard effect sizes, the power analysis determined that a total of 128 participants (64 in each group) were needed to achieve 80% power at an effect size of 0.5, a 0.05 error rate, and a 0.95 confidence interval. Participants were volunteers who could read and write Arabic, were between 40 and 69 years of age, did not have breast cancer, and did not have a history of benign breast diseases such as breast cysts, fibroadenoma, or hyperplasia, no family history of breast cancer, no history of self-breast examination, no participation in breast cancer screening programs, and who own a smartphone or laptop computer. Women who meet the inclusion criteria will be divided into two groups: Intervention Group I, which will be trained using an animated video, and Intervention Group II, which will be trained using an educational booklet, using a simple random allocation method. To enhance the reliability of the study and ensure an equal distribution of the sample between the two groups, a program that generates random numbers will be used, and the sample will be randomly selected via the www.randomizer.org website. Women will be divided into two groups (in a 1:1 ratio). Women diagnosed with breast cancer during the study, women working in the healthcare sector (doctors, midwives, or nurses), pregnant and breastfeeding women, and women who do not watch the animated video or read the educational booklet within one week of receiving the educational materials will be excluded. Research Context Palestinians have been living under constant Israeli occupation and attacks since 1948, and the situation has worsened since the war began on October 7, 2023. The recent war has led to further restrictions and deliberate obstruction of access to health centers and hospitals by Israeli occupiers (Ali et al., 2025). Therefore, the universe will consist of women who come to the Murabitat Charity Association in the Palestinian Governorate of Qalqilya. The sample will be selected from women who meet the inclusion criteria. To facilitate the research and better reach women, an animated video will be published on the YouTube platform (as a private video), meaning only those with the link will be able to watch it, and it will not appear in search results. The educational booklet will be sent via a WhatsApp group in PDF format and will be password-protected, so only those with the password will be able to view it. Data collection tools will be managed online via WhatsApp or Zoom, ensuring accessibility and security under local political and logistical constraints.

The goal of this observational study is to learn how four acetabular osteotomy techniques change the shape of the hip socket in children and adolescents with developmental dysplasia of the hip or residual acetabular dysplasia. The main questions it aims to answer are: How do virtual Salter, Dega, San Diego, and Pemberton osteotomies differ in acetabular volume and surface shape on participant-specific three-dimensional models? How closely does the virtual result of the osteotomy actually performed match the early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? Participants will have a three-dimensional pelvis-acetabulum model created from preoperative MRI. Researchers will perform virtual Salter, Dega, San Diego, and Pemberton osteotomies on that model and measure the resulting acetabular morphology. The virtual result of the osteotomy actually performed will then be compared with the participant's early postoperative MRI.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether adjunctive electrolytic surface decontamination can improve the outcomes of surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does electrolytic surface decontamination reduce probing pocket depth more effectively than conventional surgical treatment alone? * Does electrolytic surface decontamination improve bleeding on probing, suppuration, and radiographic bone levels? Researchers will compare conventional surgical treatment plus electrolytic surface decontamination with conventional surgical treatment alone. Participants will: * Receive surgical treatment for peri-implantitis * Be randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups * Attend follow-up visits for clinical and radiographic examinations * Undergo assessment of probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, suppuration, and bone level changes during follow-up

This randomized controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the effects of an 8-week tele-yoga intervention in individuals with lung cancer who have undergone lung resection surgery. The intervention group will receive supervised yoga sessions via online synchronous video conferencing, while the control group will continue with standard post-operative care. The primary outcome is exercise capacity (6-minute walk test), with secondary outcomes including pulmonary function, respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, physical activity level, dyspnea, fatigue, sleep quality, anxiety and depression, and quality of life. It is hypothesized that tele-yoga will improve physical and psychological recovery post-surgery and may serve as a feasible home-based pulmonary rehabilitation alternative.

This study aims to compare the gastric volumes of pediatric patients undergoing positive-pressure ventilation with different airway management techniques. Gastric ultrasound is a non-invasive bedside tool with high sensitivity and specificity for determining the nature and amount of gastric content. In pediatric cases, maintaining a gastric volume below 1.25 mL/kg is associated with a lower risk of perioperative aspiration. Although supraglottic airway devices (SADs) are commonly used as alternatives to endotracheal tubes, concerns regarding the potential for gastric insufflation and subsequent aspiration persist. Second-generation SADs were specifically designed with gastric drainage channels to mitigate the risk of regurgitation compared to first-generation devices. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether there is a difference in gastric volumes, as measured by ultrasound, among three groups of pediatric patients: those managed with endotracheal tubes, first-generation SADs, and second-generation SADs. By comparing these measurements post-ventilation, the investigators aim to evaluate the impact of the airway device choice on gastric volume under clinical conditions.

This randomized prospective study aims to compare the effects of two target-controlled infusion models, the Schnider and Eleveld models, on anesthetic depth and hemodynamic responses during anesthesia induction in adult patients undergoing spinal surgery. Patients scheduled for spinal surgery will be randomized into either the Schnider or Eleveld group. Before induction, standard monitoring will be applied, including electrocardiography, peripheral oxygen saturation, invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring, heart rate monitoring, and bispectral index monitoring. Anesthesia induction will be performed with fentanyl 2 mcg/kg, rocuronium 0.6 mg/kg, and propofol administered by target-controlled infusion with an effect-site target concentration of 3 mcg/mL according to the allocated pharmacokinetic model. Hemodynamic parameters and bispectral index values will be recorded before induction and at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 10th minutes after induction. Additional parameters, including time to BIS below 40, time to delta activity, burst suppression duration, total propofol dose during the first 5 minutes, need for additional propofol, hemodynamic response to intubation, vasopressor requirement within the first 10 minutes, and use of esmolol, will also be documented. The primary aim is to evaluate whether the Schnider and Eleveld models differ in terms of induction-related hemodynamic stability and anesthetic depth during the early induction period.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of fully immersive virtual reality (VR) applications on upper extremity (UE) functions in individuals diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a progressive neuromuscular disorder that leads to muscle weakness and loss of function, including the upper limbs, which are essential for daily activities and independence. In this randomized controlled trial, 36 participants with DMD will be divided into two groups: a control group receiving conventional physiotherapy and an intervention group receiving the same physiotherapy program (excluding upper extremity exercises) combined with VR-based exercises. The VR games will be designed specifically to improve shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand functions and will be delivered using Meta Quest 3 headsets with hand-tracking capabilities. Both groups will receive therapy twice a week for 8 weeks. Assessments will be conducted before and after the intervention, and at follow-up, using validated tools to measure UE function, grip strength, fine motor skills, trunk control, fatigue, quality of life, and participation in daily activities. The study aims to explore innovative rehabilitation strategies for DMD and contribute to improving the independence and quality of life of affected individuals.

This project aims to evaluate the impact of anterior veneer treatment on oral health-related quality of life in children with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI). AI is an inherited disorder that causes structural defects in enamel due to genetic abnormalities, leading to aesthetic, functional, and psychosocial challenges. Enamel defects, particularly in the anterior teeth, negatively affect patients' self-confidence and social interactions. In this study, the short-term aesthetic, functional, and psychosocial effects of veneer restorations applied to children with AI will be assessed. This research is designed as a single-center, prospective clinical study. The study population will include pediatric patients aged 11-14 years who have been clinically and radiographically diagnosed with AI at our faculty clinic. Participants' oral health-related quality of life will be evaluated before treatment and one month after treatment using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14). Psychosocial improvement will be measured using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ), while aesthetic satisfaction will be assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). In addition, to objectively evaluate the participants' oral hygiene and dental health, the plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing index, and DMFT index will be recorded. The data obtained are expected to demonstrate the positive impact of veneer treatment on the quality of life of children with AI, emphasizing the importance of early aesthetic rehabilitation in pediatric patients. In this respect, the study aims to provide a novel clinical and psychosocial contribution to the existing literature on the management of AI in pediatric dentistry.

This prospective study aims to evaluate the short-term effects of smoking on corneal tomographic and biometric measurements in healthy adults. After baseline examinations and measurements are taken in both smoking and non-smoking participants, the same measurements will be repeated after 10 minutes of external exposure, and within-group and between-group changes will be compared. The aim of the study is to determine whether acute smoking exposure leads to measurable immediate changes in corneal tomographic and biometric parameters.

The study group will be selected from patients who previously presented with various temporomandibular disorder (TMD) complaints to the "Temporomandibular Disorders Clinic" of the Department of Complete and Removable Dentures at the Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University. During routine examinations, TMD-DC (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) forms are completed to aid in achieving an accurate diagnosis. Subsequently, patients suspected of having TMD of masticatory muscle origin but without a definitive diagnosis are routinely referred for ultrasonographic (USG) imaging. Patients meeting these criteria will be included in the study. Participants will be divided into two groups. The first group will consist of patients who have already undergone USG imaging during their routine examination, have been definitively diagnosed with masticatory muscle disorders based on clinical and radiographic findings, and have initiated routine occlusal splint therapy in the clinic. The 12-week treatment process of these patients will not be altered in any way. At the final follow-up session after the 12-week routine treatment protocol, the TMD-DC form completed at baseline will be re-administered, and the two forms will be compared to evaluate changes in symptoms and pain levels. Another USG imaging will also be performed at this session. The second group, serving as the control group, will include patients who have previously undergone USG imaging during routine examination and have received a definitive diagnosis of masticatory muscle disorders based on clinical and radiographic evaluations, but have not yet begun treatment. Patients whose turn for treatment begins during the study period will be excluded from this group. At the end of the 12-week period, the TMD-DC form will be re-administered, and a second USG imaging will be performed. This process will not interfere with the patients' position in the treatment queue, and treatment will commence as scheduled. In the second USG session, changes in the thickness and elasticity of the masseter, temporalis, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and splenius capitis muscles will be assessed by comparing the two imaging records.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy procedures involve pneumoperitoneum and volatile anesthetics, both of which can significantly influence cardiovascular physiology and autonomic balance. While volatile anesthetics are known to affect myocardial repolarization, the specific impact of Low-Flow Anesthesia (LFA)-a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technique-on these cardiac markers remains under-researched. This prospective observational study aims to compare the effects of low-flow versus normal-flow sevoflurane anesthesia on two critical non-invasive biomarkers of ventricular repolarization: the Frontal QRS-T angle and the Tp-e interval. These parameters are essential for predicting electrical instability and the risk of malignant arrhythmias. The study will evaluate a total of 128 patients to determine whether different fresh gas flow rates lead to significant changes in cardiac electrophysiological stability during the perioperative and early postoperative periods.

This prospective, randomized controlled trial aims to determine the effects of stress ball use and empathic verbal communication with therapeutic touch on anxiety and pain perception in women undergoing mammography and breast ultrasonography. The study will be conducted between May and September 2026 at Istanbul Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital. A total of 122 women meeting the inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned into three groups: stress ball group (n=41), empathic verbal communication with touch group (n=41), and control group (n=40). Women in the stress ball group will be instructed to use a soft stress ball before and during the procedure. Participants in the empathic verbal-tactile group will receive structured verbal empathy combined with therapeutic touch. The control group will receive routine care without additional intervention. Data will be collected before and after the procedures using a Descriptive Characteristics Form, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and a Numerical Rating Scale for pain assessment. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence on the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in reducing anxiety and pain during breast imaging procedures.

Achieving optimal glycemic control in type 1 diabetes requires a holistic approach that includes individualized medical nutrition therapy in addition to appropriate insulin therapy. When diabetes is poorly managed, metabolic control is impaired. Hyperglycemic events increase oxidative stress in the body and can lead to complications. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a 12-week Mediterranean diet on oxidative stress markers in children with type 1 diabetes who do not meet the metabolic target (HbA1c \> 7%) and whose adherence to the Mediterranean diet is "poor" and "needs improvement". The study, planned between March 2026 and March 2027, will be conducted with girls aged 10-18 years with type 1 diabetes who are followed up at the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University. In the first phase, participants were divided into groups based on their HbA1c levels: those with HbA1c ≤ 7 met the metabolic target (Group A); Those with HbA1c \> 7 will be divided into two groups: those not meeting the metabolic target (Group B). In the second stage, the intervention group will be determined according to the results of the KIDMED, the pediatric Mediterranean diet adherence scale. Those in Group B who did not meet the metabolic targets and those with "poor" and "need improvement" KIDMED results will form the intervention group (Group C). Adolescents in Group C will receive a 12-week Mediterranean diet intervention. Information will be collected from participants using questionnaires, scales, and experimental methods. This includes completing the 'Personal Information Form', 'Biochemical Parameters Form', '3-Day Nutrition Questionnaire', 'KIDMED scale', and 'Sensor Data Form'. The obtained data will be analyzed both individually and before-and-after using SPSS 26. The findings are expected to show improvement in OS markers in the intervention group. Improvement in glycemic control markers is also predicted. A decrease in HbA1c levels, a reduction in blood sugar fluctuations, and an increase in the duration of staying within the target range are expected. This study is expected to contribute to the literature by revealing the effects of the Mediterranean diet on oxidative stress and metabolic control parameters in type 1 diabetes. It is anticipated that the findings will support the potential role of dietary approaches with antioxidant properties not only in glycemic control but also in oxidative stress levels and long-term complication risks.

Background and Problem Overview Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a progressive musculoskeletal disorder characterized by a three-dimensional deformation of the spine occurring during adolescence. Diagnosis is typically established with a Cobb angle exceeding 10° and the presence of axial rotation. While the exact etiology remains unknown, leading theories include tissue abnormalities (muscle fibers, bone volume), impaired spinal biomechanics (asymmetric bone growth), and neurological factors (asymmetric cortical thickness, cerebral lateralization, and body schema distortions). The progressive nature of AIS, particularly the high risk of advancement at the onset of puberty, complicates clinical decision-making. Treatment is traditionally divided into three stages: Observation and Exercise: For Cobb angles between 10°-25°. Exercise and Bracing: For Cobb angles between 25°-45°. Surgery: For Cobb angles exceeding 45°. Despite these guidelines, the unpredictable progression of the disease and difficulties in treatment adherence create significant dilemmas. Specifically, for cases on the borderline of surgical indication, clinicians face the challenge of choosing between immediate surgery or conservative monitoring. Currently, there is no definitive method to predict progression, and patients are typically monitored in 6-month intervals. During these intervals, a patient's condition may remain stable or deteriorate significantly. Furthermore, guidelines recommend wearing a brace for an average of 18 hours per day, often for several years. This requirement is physically and psychologically demanding for adolescents, leading to poor compliance due to aesthetic concerns, functional limitations, and skin irritation. The inability to predict progression often leads to overtreatment (unnecessary bracing) or undertreatment (delayed intervention), both of which pose risks to the patient's long-term health. Radiological Concerns Disease progression is monitored via direct radiography (X-rays). However, frequent imaging increases the lifetime risk of cancer due to cumulative ionizing radiation. Notably, the risk of breast cancer in girls with AIS is reported to be approximately seven times higher than in the healthy population. Conversely, extending follow-up intervals risks missing windows for early intervention. An artificial intelligence (AI) model capable of predicting curve progression could optimize imaging frequency, ensuring safety while maintaining clinical efficacy. Objective and Methodology of the Study The primary aim of this research is to develop a machine learning-based model to predict the Cobb angle following a 12-week exercise intervention. The model will utilize comprehensive baseline and post-treatment data, including: Demographic and Anthropometric Data (Age, height, weight, gender). Clinical Assessments (Cobb angle, Risser score, angle of trunk rotation). Functional and Physical Metrics (Trunk muscle strength, Maximal Inspiratory and Expiratory Pressure \[MIP/MEP\], Biodex balance measurements). Visual Assessments (Walter Reed Visual Deformity Scale \[WRVAS\]). Research Hypotheses Primary Hypothesis: A machine learning model trained on pre- and post-exercise assessment data can significantly predict the Cobb angle at the end of a 12-week period with both statistical and clinical accuracy. Secondary Hypothesis: By predicting the risk of progression (the probability of an increase in Cobb angle), this model will contribute to reducing unnecessary surgical interventions, overtreatment (bracing/surgery), and cumulative X-ray exposure.

The aim of this clinical trial is to investigate the effects of an attention shift-based rehabilitation program on clinical outcomes in individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP). The study will evaluate the effects of an attention shift approach, in which motor tasks targeting regions outside the shoulder are performed concurrently with standard shoulder exercises, on pain, functional status, and pain catastrophizing. These results will be compared with those of a standard shoulder rehabilitation program. The main questions this study aims to answer are: Is there a difference in pain levels between individuals with RCRSP who participate in an attention shift-based rehabilitation program and those who participate in a standard exercise program? Is there a difference between these two rehabilitation approaches in terms of shoulder function and pain catastrophizing? Participants will: Be randomly assigned to either an attention shift-based rehabilitation group or a standard shoulder rehabilitation group Participate in supervised exercise sessions twice per week for 6 weeks Attend sessions lasting approximately 60-75 minutes Undergo clinical assessments at baseline and at week 6

In this prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of Dextrose Prolotherapy injections in patients with coccydynia.

The aim of this clinical trial is to investigate the effects of a dual-task-based exercise program on clinical outcomes in individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain. The study will evaluate the effects of a dual-task exercise approach, in which physical exercises are performed concurrently with cognitive tasks, on pain, functional status, pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia. These results will be compared with those of a standard shoulder rehabilitation program. The main questions this study aims to answer are: * Is there a difference in pain levels between individuals with rotator cuff-related shoulder pain who participate in a dual-task-based exercise program and those who participate in a standard exercise program? * Is there a difference between these two exercise approaches in terms of shoulder function and psychosocial factors? Participants will: * Participate in either a dual-task-based shoulder exercise program or a standard shoulder exercise program twice per week for 6 weeks. * Undergo clinical assessments at baseline, at week 6, and at week 12.

The purpose of this clinical study is to investigate the efficacy of losartan as an antifibrotic approach in addition to a physiotherapy program in patients diagnosed with frozen shoulder. The effects of losartan use on pain intensity, shoulder joint range of motion, functional status, and pain catastrophizing level will be evaluated and compared with the outcomes of patients participating in a physiotherapy program alone. The key questions this study aims to answer are: * Is there a difference in shoulder functionality between frozen shoulder patients using losartan in addition to a physiotherapy program and those participating in a physiotherapy program alone? * Is there a difference in pain intensity, shoulder joint range of motion, and pain catastrophizing level between frozen shoulder patients using losartan in addition to a physiotherapy program and those participating in a physiotherapy program alone? A total of 33 patients will be enrolled in the study. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: the physiotherapy group (PT) and the physiotherapy + losartan group (PT+L). Both groups will receive the same physiotherapy program comprising range of motion exercises, stretching exercises, strengthening exercises, and mobilization techniques. Patients in the PT+L group will additionally receive 12.5 mg of oral losartan once daily for four weeks. Clinical assessments will be conducted at baseline, at week 4, and at week 8.

Post-hospitalization behavioral changes are common in children after surgery and general anesthesia and may persist for varying durations depending on individual and perioperative factors. The Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ) is a well-validated instrument widely used to evaluate negative postoperative behavioral changes in pediatric patients following hospitalization or surgical procedures. Although early postoperative behavioral disturbances have been extensively studied, most research has focused on short-term outcomes within the first weeks after surgery, while long-term behavioral outcomes remain insufficiently investigated. Processed electroencephalography (pEEG) monitoring provides an objective method for assessing anesthetic depth during surgery. Parameters such as the Patient State Index (PSI) and Spectral Edge Frequency 95 (SEF95) allow dynamic evaluation of cortical activity and may help optimize anesthetic administration by preventing excessively deep or inadequate anesthesia. Improved anesthetic depth management may theoretically influence postoperative recovery and behavioral outcomes. In the initial randomized study, early postoperative behavioral assessments were obtained within the first postoperative month using the Post-Hospitalization Behavior Questionnaire (PHBQ). In the present follow-up study, children will be contacted again 12-24 months after surgery to evaluate long-term behavioral outcomes. PHBQ scores at long-term follow-up will be compared between children who previously received EEG-guided anesthesia and those managed with standard anesthesia without processed EEG monitoring. By examining both early and long-term behavioral outcomes, this study aims to determine whether intraoperative EEG-guided anesthesia management influences postoperative behavioral changes in the pediatric population.

This study is a prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial designed to investigate the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) exercise on balance, mobility, fall risk, and proprioception in patients with Parkinson's disease. A total of 68 patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, aged between 50 and 75 years, will be recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation at Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine. Eligible participants will be clinically stable (no medication changes within the last 3 months), classified as Hoehn and Yahr stage 1-3, and MDS-UPDRS stage 2-3. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before enrollment. Participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group (n=34) or the control group (n=34). Randomization will be performed using a computer-generated random allocation sequence. Outcome assessments will be conducted by a blinded assessor. The intervention group will receive whole-body vibration (WBV) training in addition to a standardized home exercise program. WBV sessions will be performed using the Power Plate pro5 vibration platform (Performance Health Systems, LLC, Northbrook, IL, USA). Training will be conducted three times per week for 8 weeks (24 sessions total). Each session will include 5 sets of vibration exposure, consisting of 1 minute of vibration followed by 1 minute of rest. Exercises will be performed in semi-squat and lunge positions. Vibration parameters will be set at 6 Hz frequency with 2-4 mm amplitude. Sessions will be scheduled during the "on" phase of dopaminergic medication. Each session will include a 10-minute warm-up and a 5-minute cool-down period. The control group will perform only the standardized home exercise program. Both groups will receive initial in-clinic instruction for the home exercise program, which includes posture exercises, breathing and relaxation exercises, lower extremity active range-of-motion exercises, stretching, quadriceps strengthening, terminal knee extension exercises, rhythmic gait training, and balance/coordination/proprioceptive exercises. Home exercises will be performed three times per week for 8 weeks, lasting 30-45 minutes per session. Participants will be contacted weekly to monitor adherence. Outcome assessments will be conducted at baseline, at 8 weeks (post-intervention), and at 16 weeks (follow-up). The primary outcome measure is the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Secondary outcome measures include: * Timed Up and Go (TUG) test * Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) * Fall Risk Index measured by computerized static posturography (TETRAX®) * Knee joint position sense measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex System 3 Pro), calculated as absolute angular error The primary analysis will evaluate changes in BBS scores between groups across time points using repeated measures analysis of variance. Secondary outcomes will be analyzed using similar statistical methods. Statistical significance will be set at p \< 0.05. The study aims to determine whether WBV combined with a home exercise program provides superior improvements in balance, mobility, fall risk, and proprioception compared with a home exercise program alone in individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common nerve compression syndrome. It develops as a result of the compression of the median nerve while passing through the osteofibrous structure of the carpal tunnel located at the wrist. Sensory symptoms are the most prominent feature of CTS. These symptoms are observed as pain, paresthesia, and decreased sensory sensitivity. As motor symptoms, thumb abduction and opposition are primarily affected. In advanced cases, atrophy develops in the thenar muscles. Patients may describe weakness as difficulty in writing, opening jars, buttoning, or grasping objects. The diagnosis is made by fulfilling both clinical and electrophysiological diagnostic criteria. CTS has both conservative and surgical treatment options. Conservative treatment includes splinting, physical therapy modalities, and injection options, and it is preferred in mild and moderate cases. Among non-surgical treatment options, splint use is a commonly applied intervention; however, there is no consensus regarding its effectiveness, the optimal wrist position during use, or the duration and frequency of splint application. A total of 108 hands from patients aged 18 to 55 years diagnosed with CTS will be included in this study and randomized into three groups. All groups will be given an education and exercise program. The first group will use a wrist splint fixed at 15° flexion; the second group at neutral position; and the third group at 20° extension, to be worn only at night for eight weeks. Patients will be evaluated before treatment, immediately after treatment, and two months after the end of treatment using measures of pain- numbness severity, functional status, motor and sensory examination findings, and nerve conduction studies. What makes this study unique is that it evaluates the effects of splints that stabilize the wrist at different angles together with electrophysiological findings. A review of the literature shows that while some studies have examined and compared the effects of splints fixed at different wrist angles on symptoms, functional status, and physical examination findings, there is no study that evaluates these effects along with electrophysiological findings. Therefore, this study, which will compare the effectiveness of splints at different angles, is expected to contribute to the literature. The expected outcomes of this research are that one or more types of splints used in the conservative treatment of CTS will provide improvements in symptom severity, functional status, sensory and motor physical examination findings, and electrophysiological evaluation findings at the end of treatment.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that may affect musculoskeletal development and posture in children. Spinal involvement, including scoliosis, is not routinely evaluated in clinical practice despite its potential impact on functional status and quality of life. This cross-sectional study aims to assess the presence of scoliosis in children with JIA and to investigate its association with functional status, postural alignment, and disease activity. Clinical and functional parameters will be analyzed to better understand the impact of spinal deformities in this population.

This randomized clinical trial investigates whether Oxygen Reserve Index (ORi) monitoring enables earlier detection of impending hypoxemia compared with conventional pulse oximetry during apneic intermittent ventilation in adult patients undergoing endolaryngeal surgery under general anesthesia. By providing continuous, noninvasive assessment of oxygen reserve in the hyperoxic range, ORi may offer an earlier warning of oxygen depletion before peripheral oxygen saturation declines. The study compares time to reventilation thresholds, arterial blood gas parameters, and perioperative respiratory outcomes between ORi-guided and standard SpO₂-guided monitoring strategies.

The purpose of this study is to develop the Turkish version of the CTS-6 Evaluation Tool and to comprehensively assess its validity and reliability in the Turkish population. The CTS-6 Evaluation Tool is a widely used and reliable instrument for the assessment of diagnosis and symptom severity in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. In this study, the CTS-6 will undergo translation and cultural adaptation to ensure linguistic and cultural appropriateness for the Turkish population. The goal is to produce a valid, reliable, and practical tool that can be used efficiently in clinical settings. The adapted version is intended to be applicable across multiple medical specialties involved in the diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome in Turkey. The results are expected to provide a trustworthy Turkish version of the CTS-6 suitable for both clinical practice and research purposes.

This is a prospective observational study evaluating perioperative diaphragmatic function by ultrasonography in children aged 1-12 years undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Participants will be classified preoperatively based on the parent-completed Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Children with suspected obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who are scheduled for adenotonsillectomy will form the study group, while children without clinical findings suggestive of obstructive sleep apnea who are scheduled for elective non-airway-related otolaryngologic surgeries will serve as controls. Diaphragm ultrasound assessments will be performed before and after surgery in the supine position during spontaneous breathing. Measurements will include diaphragmatic thickness at end-inspiration and end-expiration, diaphragmatic thickening fraction, and diaphragmatic excursion during quiet and deep breathing. The primary objective is to compare diaphragmatic excursion and thickening fraction between groups. Secondary objectives include evaluating the association between perioperative respiratory parameters, postoperative recovery, and diaphragm ultrasound measures.