Brain Function

The investigators aim is to investigate the brain's dynamic complexity across three phases of an ovarian stimulation cycle (basal, pre-OPU, mid-luteal), to observe the impact of externally administered hormones, and compare it with the corresponding phases of a natural menstrual cycle (early follicular, pre-ovulatory, mid-luteal) in the same woman. Brain activity patterns will be examined using resting-state fMRI in a sample of young, healthy, naturally cycling women.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of early intervention (placement into foster care, and a caregiving training) on physical, cognitive, social and brain development and psychiatric symptomatology in children place in out-of-home care.

Social relevance: For 30 years, people have been confused about how much plain water to drink. Over 30 years, health professionals have criticized media advice to drink 8 glasses of water per day, citing lack of evidence (Valtin et al, 2002; Yamada et al, 2022). Health authorities have not set drinking water-specific recommendations, assuming 1) that any or all types of drinks hydrate equivalently, i.e. that people do not need to drink plain water to replace lost body water, and 2) the average healthy person can rely on thirst as guide for water intake. The lack of drinking water-specific recommendations significantly impacts daily lives because it translates into limited or no support for drinking water in public health services, laws, and retail options. Scientific relevance: Thirst is considered the primary driver of water intake and main defense against body water deficit in healthy young adults (IOM, 2005). Health authorities set total water intake recommendations for the average healthy man and woman (e.g. 2.5 L/d for men and 2.0 L/d for women in Europe) but, additionally, advise people to use thirst as a guide for water intake, recognizing that individual water requirements vary widely (EFSA, 2010; IOM, 2005). Although thirst can be satiated by water intake, it can also be ignored per custom (Greenleaf, 1992) or suppressed by an upward-shifted thirst threshold. The thirst threshold, the set-point where osmoreceptor cells shrink and release their neural or hormonal signal, is a function of the solute concentration or osmolality inside and outside the osmoreceptor cells (Nose et al, 1988a,b). Cells with higher intracellular solute content require a higher external osmolality to shrink. Specific Aims The ultimate goal of this study is to address gaps in the literature about drinking water and check assumptions that limit the development of drinking water-specific recommendations. The study will examine if osmoadaptation to chronic hypertonicity, due to daily intake of hypertonic fluid sources, can explain suppressed thirst in healthy individuals under conditions of daily life. To facilitate causal inference about drinking water effects for long-term health, this study was designed to link experimental data about osmoadaptation at the cellular level with clinical data relevant for conditions of daily life in Salzburg Austria with population-based data about water intake and chronic disease risk in Salzburg Austria. This study will test effects of drinking enough plain water to dilute urine everyday for 4 weeks (about 500 mL 4 times per day in summer). The study will include healthy, normal weight, young, men and women, who all usually meet European adequate intake recommendations for total water intake (TWI), but usually consume less than 1L/d PWI, and have biomarkers of chronic hypertonic stress (concentrated urine and saliva) for 4 consecutive weeks before starting the randomized study.

This study is a prospective, single-center, randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trial. A total of 60 participants, including 30 patients with obesity and 30 healthy controls, will be enrolled. Each participant will receive an isocaloric liquid meal challenge (glucose, fat, or protein) on three separate experimental days, with a washout period of at least 7 days between visits to eliminate carryover effects from the previous intervention. The primary objective is to investigate the association between brain functional patterns and plasma metabolic profiles following the ingestion of different macronutrients in patients with obesity, aiming to uncover potential neuro-metabolic imbalance features.

This study will test whether a structured motor-focused exercise program can improve both brain function and gross motor skills in preschool children. About 110 children aged 4 to 6 years will be recruited from kindergartens in Changsha, China. Classes will be randomly assigned to receive either (1) motor-focused physical education three times per week for 16 weeks, or (2) ordinary physical education of the same frequency and duration. The motor-focused program includes playful, game-based activities designed to strengthen locomotor skills (such as running and hopping) and object-control skills (such as throwing and catching). The main outcome will be changes in children's gross motor skills, measured with a standardized motor test (TGMD-3). Brain activity will also be assessed using portable electroencephalography (EEG) during rest and simple tasks related to attention and memory. Parents and teachers will complete short questionnaires about children's behavior and executive function. The results of this study may provide new insights into how physical education influences both movement skills and brain development in early childhood.

The purpose of this study is to compare brain function after surgical circulatory arrest using either antegrade perfusion or retrograde perfusion.

Cell therapy is an innovative treatment with significant efficacy in hematologic and certain autoimmune diseases. Although it offers potential benefits for autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), it may result in cognitive and other potential impairments, which can adversely affect patients' cognition and behavior. Brain function and psychological assessment are essential for the early detection of potential impairments, allowing timely interventions to prevent complications and ensure patient safety. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the physical and psychological impacts of cell therapy on AIHA patients to develop safer and more effective treatment strategies that enhance their quality of life.

The goal of this study is to explore the anatomical-functional characteristics of the AON circuit (with particular interest for subcortical areas and the cerebellum), and the cortico-subcortical connectivity of the nodes of the AON circuit, using an ultra-high field (7T), high spatial resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging protocol. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can we demonstrate the involvement of subcortical areas and cerebellum in the AON circuit in each single-subject? * Can we obtain similar results in a small group of patients with Cerebral Palsy (CP), in order to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for the study of the mechanisms of AON reorganization, after early brain damage? * Are different patterns of functional activation correlated to different clinical characteristics of CP patients? Participants will perform a 7 Tesla MRI scan, with a functional and anatomical dedicated protocol and will have a comprehensive clinical assessment before the MRI exam.

The purpose of this study is to understand how the brain responds to sounds and words, and how this response varies between individuals. The purpose if this study is to develop data set comparing the results from one individual with those from other members (a reference interval database of NeuroCatch® Platform 2) and to quantify the expected distribution across sex and age. NeuroCatch® Platform 2, is a medical device approved by Health Canada. The plan is to enroll 810 participants, the study includes screening for eligibility and one brain scan. The study is conducted at the Centre for Neurology Studies in Surrey, BC or at its satellite sites ( if required).